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In-Silico Methods for Drug Design and Discovery

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Medicinal Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 5445

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
Interests: docking; nucleic acids; drug design; molecular modeling; molecular dynamics; virtual screening; drug repurposing; natural products
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
Interests: drug design; molecular modeling; molecular dynamics; virtual screening; pharmacophore modeling; drug repurposing; natural products
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In silico techniques are regarded as useful and powerful tools to enhance rational drug design in the medicinal chemistry field. In particular, computer-aided drug design (CADD) approaches rapidly respond to the increasing economic pressure on the pharmaceutical industry in the development of new drugs by ensuring a rapid and economic lead structure discovery. On the other hand, the computational procedures can be very heterogeneous, involving interdisciplinary skills to rationally design successfully and commercially feasible drugs. Among the methods in the drug discovery process, pharmacophore modeling, three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationships (3D-QSARs), comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA), and comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) can be considered the most significant ligand-based (LB) methods for rapid virtual screening (VS) procedures and for rationalizing the activities of a set of ligands. Moreover, the recent combination of molecular dynamics (MD) and QSAR computed descriptors led to new computational tools, the so-called MD-QSAR models, with enhanced predictive power. Instead, structure-based drug design (SBDD) is a more specific, efficient, and rapid process for lead discovery and optimization. Indeed, it is interested in the 3D structure of a target protein and the knowledge of the disease at the molecular level. In the last decade, we obtained major advances in the field, such as molecular dynamics, free energy perturbation, machine learning, and de novo molecular generation, among others.

This Special Issue aims to present a modern overview of recent developments in the molecular modeling field, particularly applied to medicinal chemistry discovery. Manuscripts that mainly describe computational studies need to be accompanied by experimental validation.

  • Virtual screening and lead identification;
  • Rational drug design and lead optimization;
  • Development and application of in silico approaches;
  • Explanation of the mechanism of various proteins involved in various diseases;
  • Application of advanced search methods.

We look forward to receiving your contributions. 

Dr. Roberta Rocca
Dr. Anna Artese
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • molecular docking
  • protein–ligand interactions
  • structure-based and ligand-based virtual screening
  • molecular dynamics
  • pharmacophore modeling
  • enhanced sampling methods
  • drug discovery
  • lead optimization

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 5054 KiB  
Article
Unraveling Binding Mechanism and Stability of Urease Inhibitors: A QM/MM MD Study
by Shunya Suenaga, Yu Takano and Toru Saito
Molecules 2023, 28(6), 2697; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062697 - 16 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1522
Abstract
Soil bacteria can produce urease, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia (NH3) and carbamate. A variety of urease inhibitors have been proposed to reduce NH3 volatilization by interfering with the urease activity. We report a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics [...] Read more.
Soil bacteria can produce urease, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia (NH3) and carbamate. A variety of urease inhibitors have been proposed to reduce NH3 volatilization by interfering with the urease activity. We report a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics molecular dynamics (QM/MM MD) study on the mechanism employed for the inhibition of urease by three representative competitive inhibitors; namely, acetohydroxamic acid (AHA), hydroxyurea (HU), and N-(n-butyl)phosphorictriamide (NBPTO). The possible connections between the structural and thermodynamical properties and the experimentally observed inhibition efficiency were evaluated and characterized. We demonstrate that the binding affinity decreases in the order NBPTO >> AHA > HU in terms of the computed activation and reaction free energies. This trend also indicates that NBPTO shows the highest inhibitory activity and the lowest IC50 value of 2.1 nM, followed by AHA (42 μM) and HU (100 μM). It was also found that the X=O moiety (X = carbon or phosphorous) plays a crucial role in the inhibitor binding process. These findings not only elucidate why the potent urease inhibitors are effective but also have implications for the design of new inhibitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue In-Silico Methods for Drug Design and Discovery)
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13 pages, 3447 KiB  
Article
Virtual Screening of Artemisia annua Phytochemicals as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Enzyme
by Khalid Miandad, Asad Ullah, Kashif Bashir, Saifullah Khan, Syed Ainul Abideen, Bilal Shaker, Metab Alharbi, Abdulrahman Alshammari, Mahwish Ali, Abdul Haleem and Sajjad Ahmad
Molecules 2022, 27(22), 8103; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228103 - 21 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2779
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a human coronaviruses that emerged in China at Wuhan city, Hubei province during December 2019. Subsequently, SARS-CoV-2 has spread worldwide and caused millions of deaths around the globe. Several compounds and vaccines have been proposed [...] Read more.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a human coronaviruses that emerged in China at Wuhan city, Hubei province during December 2019. Subsequently, SARS-CoV-2 has spread worldwide and caused millions of deaths around the globe. Several compounds and vaccines have been proposed to tackle this crisis. Novel recommended in silico approaches have been commonly used to screen for specific SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors of different types. Herein, the phytochemicals of Pakistani medicinal plants (especially Artemisia annua) were virtually screened to identify potential inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease enzyme. The X-ray crystal structure of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 with an N3 inhibitor was obtained from the protein data bank while A. annua phytochemicals were retrieved from different drug databases. The docking technique was carried out to assess the binding efficacy of the retrieved phytochemicals; the docking results revealed that several phytochemicals have potential to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 main protease enzyme. Among the total docked compounds, the top-10 docked complexes were considered for further study and evaluated for their physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The top-3 docked complexes with the best binding energies were as follows: the top-1 docked complex with a −7 kcal/mol binding energy score, the top-2 docked complex with a −6.9 kcal/mol binding energy score, and the top-3 docked complex with a −6.8 kcal/mol binding energy score. These complexes were subjected to a molecular dynamic simulation analysis for further validation to check the dynamic behavior of the selected top-complexes. During the whole simulation time, no major changes were observed in the docked complexes, which indicated complex stability. Additionally, the free binding energies for the selected docked complexes were also estimated via the MM-GB/PBSA approach, and the results revealed that the total delta energies of MMGBSA were −24.23 kcal/mol, −26.38 kcal/mol, and −25 kcal/mol for top-1, top-2, and top-3, respectively. MMPBSA calculated the delta total energy as −17.23 kcal/mol (top-1 complex), −24.75 kcal/mol (top-2 complex), and −24.86 kcal/mol (top-3 complex). This study explored in silico screened phytochemicals against the main protease of the SARS-CoV-2 virus; however, the findings require an experimentally based study to further validate the obtained results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue In-Silico Methods for Drug Design and Discovery)
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