Microbial Contamination International Research Collaborative Team Collection: Electronic Devices Acting as Fomites and Microbial Dissemination Impacting Global Public Health and Biosecurity

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Public Health Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 September 2024 | Viewed by 508

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia
Interests: global public health; biothreats; biosecurity; healthcare-associated infections and nosocomial diseases; fomites; antimicrobial resistance; pathogen spread and transmission; SDG#3

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The United Nation’s 3rd sustainable development goal is associated with good health and wellbeing. The provision of better healthcare associated with the SGD requires advances in the fight against superbugs, the dissemination of pathogens, and the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance. This Special Issue will focus on the impact of electronic devices acting as important fomites that currently challenge infection control and biosecurity procedures and policies.

As an example, mobile phones and extended reality head mounted devices are fomites, which to date have received a significant amount of attention. The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) affirms that common infectious diseases are transmitted by hands. With over 7 billion mobile phones on the planet, these devices, which we interact with continuously and rarely sanitize, may have negative implications for global public health due to their widespread use in hospitals, clinics and other medical settings. The surfaces of mobile phones have been found to harbor an extensive array of fungi, bacteria, viruses and superbugs. The regular manner in which we increasingly interact with mobile phones as part of normal clinical workflows and duties increases the likelihood that they (i) negate hand hygiene, and (ii) disseminate microbes both within healthcare settings and throughout the wider community.

Additionally, in combination with modern transport, contaminated electronic devices such as mobile phones, when carried by travelers, may pose a significant threat to biosecurity. This complex biosecurity issue currently requires a coordinated effort between researchers, industry and competent border authorities in order to effectively manage the threat posed by electronic devices.

Dr. Lotti Tajouri
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • metagenomics
  • infection control and prevention
  • antimicrobial resistance
  • ESKAPE
  • plant and animal pathogens
  • zoonosis
  • UV-C-based sanitization
  • healthcare-associated infections
  • biosecurity
  • global public health
  • pandemics

Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

13 pages, 2613 KiB  
Review
Extended Reality Head-Mounted Displays Are Likely to Pose a Significant Risk in Medical Settings While Current Classification Remains as Non-Critical
by Adrian Goldsworthy, Matthew Olsen, Andy Koh, Thibaut Demaneuf, Gobinddeep Singh, Reem Almheiri, Brendan Chapman, Shaima Almazrouei, Rose Ghemrawi, Abiola Senok, Simon McKirdy, Rashed Alghafri and Lotti Tajouri
Microorganisms 2024, 12(4), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040815 - 17 Apr 2024
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Abstract
Extended reality (XR) devices, including virtual and augmented reality head-mounted displays (HMDs), are increasingly utilised within healthcare to provide clinical interventions and education. Currently, XR devices are utilised to assist in reducing pain and improving psychological outcomes for immunocompromised patients in intensive care [...] Read more.
Extended reality (XR) devices, including virtual and augmented reality head-mounted displays (HMDs), are increasingly utilised within healthcare to provide clinical interventions and education. Currently, XR devices are utilised to assist in reducing pain and improving psychological outcomes for immunocompromised patients in intensive care units, palliative care environments and surgical theatres. However, there is a paucity of research on the risks of infection from such devices in healthcare settings. Identify existing literature providing insights into the infection control risk XR HMDs pose within healthcare facilities and the efficacy of current infection control and cleaning procedures. Three databases (PubMed, Embase and CINAHL) in addition to Google Scholar were systematically searched. A total of seven studies were identified for this review. Microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), were found to be present on XR HMDs. Published cleaning and infection control protocols designed to disinfect XR HMDs and protect users were heterogeneous in nature. Current cleaning protocols displayed varying levels of efficacy with microbial load affected by multiple factors, including time in use, number of users and XR HMD design features. In healthcare settings, fitting XR HMDs harbouring microorganisms near biological and mucosal entry points presents an infection control risk. An urgent revision of the Spaulding classification is required to ensure flexibility that allows for these devices to be reclassified from ‘Non-critical’ to ‘Semi-Critical’ depending on the healthcare setting and patient population (surgery, immunocompromised, burns, etc.). This review identified evidence supporting the presence of microorganisms on XR HMDs. Due to the potential for HMDs to contact mucosal entry points, devices must be re-considered within the Spaulding classification as ‘Semi-critical’. The existence of microbial contaminated XR HMDs in high-risk medical settings such as operating wards, intensive care units, emergency departments, labour and delivery wards and clinical areas with immunosuppressed patients requires urgent attention. Public health authorities have a duty of care to develop revised guidelines or new recommendations to ensure efficient sanitation of such devices. Full article
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