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Micromachines
Special Issues
Micro/Nano Immunosensor Devices
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Micro/Nano Immunosensor Devices

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "E：Engineering and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 17686

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Katsuo Kurabayashi

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Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
Interests: micro/nano biosensors; microfluidic immunoassays
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Pengyu Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Materials Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
Interests: nanomaterials; nanoplasmonic biosensors; microfluidics; biophysics; immunoassay; single-cell analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Immunosensing serves as a critical foundation for the detection of specific biological agents or biomolecular markers from biological samples. Immunosensor technology enabled by the latest developments in nanomaterials, micro-/nano-fabrication, microfluidics, biosensors/bioelectronics, and lab-on-a-chip microsystem integration has been of great interest in the research community over the past decade. Micro-/nano-immunosensor devices provide promising platforms for advancing point-of-care testing, wearable health monitoring, immunodiagnostics, and fundamental biology. For example, immunosensor devices integrating nanomaterials with superior properties have shown great potential to enable rapid, sensitive, high-throughput biomarker detection for early diagnosis and decision-making based on piezoelectric sensing, nanomechanical resonance, electrochemical signal transduction, localized surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence imaging, etc. The recent global pandemic has taught us that our society urgently needs concerted efforts to develop novel immunosensor technology for detecting the earliest stages of infection and for clinical screening in high-incidence areas in a timely and cost-effective manner. Because of their broad impacts, micro-/nano-immunosensor devices will continue to be the focus of many researchers in various fields, including engineering, materials science, chemistry, clinical science, and life science. Accordingly, this Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, and review articles that focus on: (1) novel design, fabrication, and modeling of immunosensor devices based on all kinds of micro- or nano-scale biosensing mechanisms, and (2) new developments applying micro-/nano-scale immunosensing technology for disease diagnosis/treatment, human health monitoring, clinical data collection, animal studies, cellular/tissue engineering, and other biomedical applications.

Prof. Dr. Pengyu Chen
Prof. Dr. Katsuo Kurabayashi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Micro- and nano-immunosensor
  • Micro- and nano-biosensor fabrication
  • Biosensing nanomaterial synthesis
  • Biosensor and bioelectronics
  • Biosensor system integration
  • Immunoassay
  • Point-of-care testing
  • Lab-on-a-chip

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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8 pages, 1898 KiB  
Article
Microchip Immunoassays for Monitoring Renal Function: Rapid, Low-Cost, and Highly Sensitive Quantification of Urinary Biomarkers of Diabetic Nephropathy
by Toshihiro Kasama, Miaomiao Sun, Noritada Kaji, Shin’ichi Akiyama, Yukio Yuzawa, Manabu Tokeshi, Seiichi Matsuo and Yoshinobu Baba
Micromachines 2021, 12(11), 1353; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12111353 - 31 Oct 2021
Viewed by 1723
Abstract
This study developed low-cost and highly sensitive immunoassay devices possessing the ability to rapidly analyze urine samples. Further, they can quantitatively detect three biomarkers indicating renal injury: monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), angiotensinogen (AGT), and liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP). The devices [...] Read more.
This study developed low-cost and highly sensitive immunoassay devices possessing the ability to rapidly analyze urine samples. Further, they can quantitatively detect three biomarkers indicating renal injury: monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), angiotensinogen (AGT), and liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP). The devices were used to successfully estimate the concentrations of the three biomarkers in urine samples within 2 min; the results were consistent with those obtained via conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which requires several hours. In addition, the estimated detection limits for the three biomarkers were comparable to those of commercially available ELISA kits. Thus, the proposed and fabricated devices facilitate high-precision and frequent monitoring of renal function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nano Immunosensor Devices)
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14 pages, 4785 KiB  
Communication
Immunosensor Based on Zinc Oxide Nanocrystals Decorated with Copper for the Electrochemical Detection of Human Salivary Alpha-Amylase
by Beatriz Rodrigues Martins, Tainá Marques Sampaio, Ana Karoline Silva Rocha de Farias, Rheltheer de Paula Martins, Renata Roland Teixeira, Robson Tadeu Soares Oliveira, Jr., Carlo Jose Freire Oliveira, Marcos Vinícius da Silva, Virmondes Rodrigues, Jr., Noelio Oliveira Dantas, Foued Salmen Espindola, Anielle Christine Almeida Silva and Renata Pereira Alves-Balvedi
Micromachines 2021, 12(6), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12060657 - 03 Jun 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2825
Abstract
(1) Background: Nanocrystals (NCs)-based electrochemical sensors have been proposed for biomarkers detection, although immunosensors using ZnO NCs decorated with copper are still scarce. (2) Methods: Electrochemical immunodetection of human salivary alpha-amylase (HSA) used ZnO, CuO, and ZnO:xCu (x = 0.1, 0.4, 1.0, 4.0, [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Nanocrystals (NCs)-based electrochemical sensors have been proposed for biomarkers detection, although immunosensors using ZnO NCs decorated with copper are still scarce. (2) Methods: Electrochemical immunodetection of human salivary alpha-amylase (HSA) used ZnO, CuO, and ZnO:xCu (x = 0.1, 0.4, 1.0, 4.0, and 12.0) NCs. (3) Results: Substitutional incorporation of Cu2+ in the crystalline structure of ZnO and formation of nanocomposite were demonstrated by characterization. Graphite electrodes were used and the electrochemical signal increased by 40% when using ZnO:1Cu and 4Cu (0.25 mg·mL−1), in an immunosensor (0.372 mg·mL−1 of anti-alpha-amylase and 1% of casein). Different interactions of HSA with the alpha-amylase antibody were registered when adding the NCs together, either before or after the addition of saliva (4 μL). The immunosensor changed specificity due to the interaction of copper. The ZnO:1Cu and ZnO:4Cu samples showed 50% interference in detection when used before the addition of saliva. The immunosensor showed 100% specificity and a sensitivity of 0.00196 U·mL−1. (4) Conclusions: Results showed that the order of NCs addition in the sensors should be tested and evaluated to avoid misinterpretation in detection and to enable advances in the validation of the immunosensor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nano Immunosensor Devices)
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9 pages, 3135 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of a Robust In2O3 Nanolines FET Device as a Biosensor Platform
by Zetao Zhu, Takao Yasui, Quanli Liu, Kazuki Nagashima, Tsunaki Takahashi, Taisuke Shimada, Takeshi Yanagida and Yoshinobu Baba
Micromachines 2021, 12(6), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12060642 - 31 May 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2759
Abstract
Field-effect transistors (FETs) are attractive biosensor platforms for rapid and accurate detection of various analytes through surface immobilization of specific bio-receptors. Since it is difficult to maintain the electrical stability of semiconductors of sensing channel under physiological conditions for long periods, passivation by [...] Read more.
Field-effect transistors (FETs) are attractive biosensor platforms for rapid and accurate detection of various analytes through surface immobilization of specific bio-receptors. Since it is difficult to maintain the electrical stability of semiconductors of sensing channel under physiological conditions for long periods, passivation by a stable metal oxide dielectric layer, such as Al2O3 or HfO2, is currently used as a common method to prevent damage. However, protecting the sensing channel by passivation has the disadvantage that the distance between the target and the conductive channel increases, and the sensing signal will be degraded by Debye shielding. Even though many efforts use semiconductor materials directly as channels for biosensors, the electrical stability of semiconductors in the physiological environments has rarely been studied. In this work, an In2O3 nanolines FET device with high robustness in artificial physiological solution of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was fabricated and used as a platform for biosensors without employing passivation on the sensing channel. The FET device demonstrated reproducibility with an average threshold voltage (VTH) of 5.235 V and a standard deviation (SD) of 0.382 V. We tested the robustness of the In2O3 nanolines FET device in PBS solution and found that the device had a long-term electrical stability in PBS with more than 9 days’ exposure. Finally, we demonstrated its applicability as a biosensor platform by testing the biosensing performance towards miR-21 targets after immobilizing the phosphonic acid terminated DNA probes. Since the surface immobilization of multiple bioreceptors is feasible, we demonstrate that the robust In2O3 FET device can be an excellent biosensor platform for biosensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nano Immunosensor Devices)
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Review

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19 pages, 1299 KiB  
Review
Affinity Sensors for the Diagnosis of COVID-19
by Maryia Drobysh, Almira Ramanaviciene, Roman Viter and Arunas Ramanavicius
Micromachines 2021, 12(4), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12040390 - 02 Apr 2021
Cited by 56 | Viewed by 9373
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was proclaimed a global pandemic in March 2020. Reducing the dissemination rate, in particular by tracking the infected people and their contacts, is the main instrument against infection [...] Read more.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was proclaimed a global pandemic in March 2020. Reducing the dissemination rate, in particular by tracking the infected people and their contacts, is the main instrument against infection spreading. Therefore, the creation and implementation of fast, reliable and responsive methods suitable for the diagnosis of COVID-19 are required. These needs can be fulfilled using affinity sensors, which differ in applied detection methods and markers that are generating analytical signals. Recently, nucleic acid hybridization, antigen-antibody interaction, and change of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level are mostly used for the generation of analytical signals, which can be accurately measured by electrochemical, optical, surface plasmon resonance, field-effect transistors, and some other methods and transducers. Electrochemical biosensors are the most consistent with the general trend towards, acceleration, and simplification of the bioanalytical process. These biosensors mostly are based on the determination of antigen-antibody interaction and are robust, sensitive, accurate, and sometimes enable label-free detection of an analyte. Along with the specification of biosensors, we also provide a brief overview of generally used testing techniques, and the description of the structure, life cycle and immune host response to SARS-CoV-2, and some deeper details of analytical signal detection principles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nano Immunosensor Devices)
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