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Micromachines
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Microelectrode Arrays and Application to Medical Devices, Volume II
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Microelectrode Arrays and Application to Medical Devices, Volume II

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "B：Biology and Biomedicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 12146

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Colin Dalton

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Electrical and Software Engineering Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
Interests: biomedical micro devices; brain machine interfaces; electrokinetics; lab-on-a-chip; micro electrode arrays; microfluidics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Following our first volume of Special Issue showcasing numerous research and review articles in the field of microelectrodes for different biomedical applications, we are now pleased to invite new submissions for our second volume of “Microelectrode Arrays and Application to Medical Devices”.

 One important application of microelectrodes is in biosensing, where microelectrodes in different forms and shapes can be implemented in order to obtain high controllability, sensitivity, and limit-of-detection, as well as real-time monitoring in biological and biochemical assays. In such an application, the identification and quantification of novel pathogens (e.g., COVID-19 virus), for example, can contribute, to a great extent, to the development of new strategies for the containment and cure of the corresponding diseases. Microelectrodes have also been implemented in in-vitro electroporation platforms, where single-cells are exposed to highly localized electric fields, in order to enhance intracellular delivery.

 In addition, in microfluidics, the effectiveness of a wide range of active microflow generation modalities for mixing and transport of biofluids, inside droplets or through microchannels, relies on the performance of microelectrode arrays. For example, in electrokinetics, where an external AC electric field is utilized to induce fluid motion, geometry and orientation of microelectrodes can play a significant role in obtaining different pumping and mixing flow profiles ideal for various lab-on-a-chip applications.

 Due to their small size, the versatility of fabrication on rigid and flexible materials, and potential biocompatibility, microelectrodes have been implemented in many biomedical research and biochemical assays. This volume of Special Issue is open to both experimental and theoretical studies involving microelectrode arrays for the development of lab-on-a-chip strategies and biomedical devices. Articles addressing current challenges in the field, improving the designs, materials, and fabrication techniques, and demonstrating novel applications (e.g., enhancement of COVID-19 virus detection) are of particular interest to this Special Issue.

Dr. Colin Dalton
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • micro electrode array
  • biomedical micro devices
  • brain machine interfaces
  • electrokinetics
  • lab-on-a-chip
  • microfluidics
  • neuromodulcation
  • biosensors
  • micropumps
  • micromixing
  • electrothermal
  • electroosmosis
  • dielectrophoresis

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1990 KiB  
Article
A Novel 3D Helical Microelectrode Array for In Vitro Extracellular Action Potential Recording
by Negar Geramifard, Jennifer Lawson, Stuart F. Cogan and Bryan James Black
Micromachines 2022, 13(10), 1692; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13101692 - 08 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2898
Abstract
Recent advances in cell and tissue engineering have enabled long-term three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cultures of human-derived neuronal tissues. Analogous two-dimensional (2D) tissue cultures have been used for decades in combination with substrate integrated microelectrode arrays (MEA) for pharmacological and toxicological assessments. While [...] Read more.
Recent advances in cell and tissue engineering have enabled long-term three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cultures of human-derived neuronal tissues. Analogous two-dimensional (2D) tissue cultures have been used for decades in combination with substrate integrated microelectrode arrays (MEA) for pharmacological and toxicological assessments. While the phenotypic and cytoarchitectural arguments for 3D culture are clear, 3D MEA technologies are presently inadequate. This is mostly due to the technical challenge of creating vertical electrical conduction paths (or ‘traces’) using standardized biocompatible materials and fabrication techniques. Here, we have circumvented that challenge by designing and fabricating a novel helical 3D MEA comprised of polyimide, amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC), gold/titanium, and sputtered iridium oxide films (SIROF). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) testing confirmed fully-fabricated MEAs should be capable of recording extracellular action potentials (EAPs) with high signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). We then seeded induced pluripotent stems cell (iPSC) sensory neurons (SNs) in a 3D collagen-based hydrogel integrated with the helical MEAs and recorded EAPs for up to 28 days in vitro from across the MEA volume. Importantly, this highly adaptable design does not intrinsically limit cell/tissue type, channel count, height, or total volume. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microelectrode Arrays and Application to Medical Devices, Volume II)
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15 pages, 5738 KiB  
Article
PtNPs/Short MWCNT-PEDOT: PSS-Modified Microelectrode Array to Detect Neuronal Firing Patterns in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus and Hippocampus of Insomnia Rats
by Yun Wang, Mixia Wang, Yuchuan Dai, Yilin Song, Yiding Wang, Botao Lu, Yinghui Li and Xinxia Cai
Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030488 - 21 Mar 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2155
Abstract
Research on the intracerebral mechanism of insomnia induced by serotonin (5-HT) deficiency is indispensable. In order to explore the effect of 5-HT deficiency-induced insomnia on brain regions related to memory in rats, we designed and fabricated a microelectrode array that simultaneously detects the [...] Read more.
Research on the intracerebral mechanism of insomnia induced by serotonin (5-HT) deficiency is indispensable. In order to explore the effect of 5-HT deficiency-induced insomnia on brain regions related to memory in rats, we designed and fabricated a microelectrode array that simultaneously detects the electrical activity of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and hippocampus in normal, insomnia and recovery rats in vivo. In the DRN and hippocampus of insomnia rats, our results showed that the spike amplitudes decreased by 40.16 and 57.92%, the spike repolarization slope decreased by 44.64 and 48.59%, and the spiking rate increased by 66.81 and 63.40%. On a mesoscopic scale, the increased firing rates of individual neurons led to an increased δ wave power. In the DRN and hippocampus of insomnia rats, the δ wave power increased by 57.57 and 67.75%. Furthermore, two segments’ δ wave slopes were also increased in two brain regions of the insomnia rats. Our findings suggest that 5-HT deficiency causes the hyperactivity of neurons in the hippocampus and DRN; the DRN’s firing rate and the hippocampal neuronal amplitude reflect insomnia in rats more effectively. Further studies on alleviating neurons affected by 5-HT deficiency and on achieving a highly effective treatment for insomnia by the microelectrode array are needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microelectrode Arrays and Application to Medical Devices, Volume II)
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Graphical abstract

12 pages, 4152 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Soft Tissue Scaffold-Mimicked Microelectrode Arrays Using Enzyme-Mediated Transfer Printing
by Yue-Xian Lin, Shu-Han Li and Wei-Chen Huang
Micromachines 2021, 12(9), 1057; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12091057 - 31 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2359
Abstract
Hydrogels are the ideal materials in the development of implanted bioactive neural interfaces because of the nerve tissue-mimicked physical and biological properties that can enhance neural interfacing compatibility. However, the integration of hydrogels and rigid/dehydrated electronic microstructure is challenging due to the non-reliable [...] Read more.
Hydrogels are the ideal materials in the development of implanted bioactive neural interfaces because of the nerve tissue-mimicked physical and biological properties that can enhance neural interfacing compatibility. However, the integration of hydrogels and rigid/dehydrated electronic microstructure is challenging due to the non-reliable interfacial bonding, whereas hydrogels are not compatible with most conditions required for the micromachined fabrication process. Herein, we propose a new enzyme-mediated transfer printing process to design an adhesive biological hydrogel neural interface. The donor substrate was fabricated via photo-crosslinking of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) containing various conductive nanoparticles (NPs), including Ag nanowires (NWs), Pt NWs, and PEDOT:PSS, to form a stretchable conductive bioelectrode, called NP-doped GelMA. On the other hand, a receiver substrate composed of microbial transglutaminase-incorporated gelatin (mTG-Gln) enabled simultaneous temporally controlled gelation and covalent bond-enhanced adhesion to achieve one-step transfer printing of the prefabricated NP-doped GelMA features. The integrated hydrogel microelectrode arrays (MEA) were adhesive, and mechanically/structurally bio-compliant with stable conductivity. The devices were structurally stable in moisture to support the growth of neuronal cells. Despite that the introduction of AgNW and PEDOT:PSS NPs in the hydrogels needed further study to avoid cell toxicity, the PtNW-doped GelMA exhibited a comparable live cell density. This Gln-based MEA is expected to be the next-generation bioactive neural interface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microelectrode Arrays and Application to Medical Devices, Volume II)
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Review

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17 pages, 1007 KiB  
Review
Intracortical Microelectrode Array Unit Yield under Chronic Conditions: A Comparative Evaluation
by Joshua O. Usoro, Brandon S. Sturgill, Kate C. Musselman, Jeffrey R. Capadona and Joseph J. Pancrazio
Micromachines 2021, 12(8), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12080972 - 17 Aug 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3250
Abstract
While microelectrode arrays (MEAs) offer the promise of elucidating functional neural circuitry and serve as the basis for a cortical neuroprosthesis, the challenge of designing and demonstrating chronically reliable technology remains. Numerous studies report “chronic” data but the actual time spans and performance [...] Read more.
While microelectrode arrays (MEAs) offer the promise of elucidating functional neural circuitry and serve as the basis for a cortical neuroprosthesis, the challenge of designing and demonstrating chronically reliable technology remains. Numerous studies report “chronic” data but the actual time spans and performance measures corresponding to the experimental work vary. In this study, we reviewed the experimental durations that constitute chronic studies across a range of MEA types and animal species to gain an understanding of the widespread variability in reported study duration. For rodents, which are the most commonly used animal model in chronic studies, we examined active electrode yield (AEY) for different array types as a means to contextualize the study duration variance, as well as investigate and interpret the performance of custom devices in comparison to conventional MEAs. We observed wide-spread variance within species for the chronic implantation period and an AEY that decayed linearly in rodent models that implanted commercially-available devices. These observations provide a benchmark for comparing the performance of new technologies and highlight the need for consistency in chronic MEA studies. Additionally, to fully derive performance under chronic conditions, the duration of abiotic failure modes, biological processes induced by indwelling probes, and intended application of the device are key determinants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microelectrode Arrays and Application to Medical Devices, Volume II)
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