Research

17 pages, 4863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of PZT Materials for Reliable Piezostack Deformable Mirror with Modular Design

by Vladimir Toporovsky, Vadim Samarkin, Alexis Kudryashov, Ilya Galaktionov, Alexander Panich and Anatoliy Malykhin

Micromachines 2023, 14(11), 2004; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14112004 - 28 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 759

Abstract

This article presents a study of the electrophysical properties of a piezoceramic material for use in adaptive optics. The key characteristics that may be important for the manufacturing of piezoelectric deformable mirrors are the following: piezoelectric constants (d₃₁, d₃₃, [...] Read more.

This article presents a study of the electrophysical properties of a piezoceramic material for use in adaptive optics. The key characteristics that may be important for the manufacturing of piezoelectric deformable mirrors are the following: piezoelectric constants (d₃₁, d₃₃, d₁₅), capacitance, elastic compliance values s for different crystal directions, and the dielectric loss tangent (tgδ). Based on PZT ceramics, the PKP-12 material was developed with high values of the dielectric constant, piezoelectric modulus, and electromechanical coupling coefficients. The deformable mirror control elements are made from the resulting material—piezoceramic combs with five individual actuators in a row. In this case, the stroke of the actuator is in the range of 4.1–4.3 microns and the capacitance of the actuator is about 12 nF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Analysis, Design and Fabrication, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 5033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Array Magnetic Coupling Piezoelectric and Electromagnetic Energy Harvester for Rotary Excitation

by Qiuxuan Chen, Chong Li and Mingming Lv

Micromachines 2023, 14(8), 1527; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14081527 - 29 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 965

Abstract

The energy of rotating machinery exists widely in the environment. It is of great significance to collect and utilize the energy of rotating machinery for sustainable development. In this paper, a novel piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harvester, which is capable of generating electrical [...] Read more.

The energy of rotating machinery exists widely in the environment. It is of great significance to collect and utilize the energy of rotating machinery for sustainable development. In this paper, a novel piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harvester, which is capable of generating electrical energy under rotary excitation, is proposed based on array magnetic coupling. The working principle of this kind of energy harvester is analyzed. And the energy output modeling of the harvester is developed and output results are simulated. Based on the experimental test platform built in the laboratory, the output characteristics of the piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harvester are tested. Results show that the maximum output power of the proposed energy harvester reaches 182 mW when the excitation speed is 120 rpm. Furthermore, both the piezoelectric module and the electromagnetic module can reach the maximum output power at the excitation speed of 120 rpm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Analysis, Design and Fabrication, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 10066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Potential of Flow-Induced Vibration Energy Harvesting Using a Corrugated Hyperstructure Bluff Body

by Yikai Yuan, Hai Wang, Chunlai Yang, Hang Sun, Ye Tang and Zihao Zhang

Micromachines 2023, 14(6), 1125; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14061125 - 26 May 2023

Viewed by 1001

Abstract

Fluid-induced vibration is a common phenomenon in fluid–structure interaction. A flow-induced vibrational energy harvester based on a corrugated hyperstructure bluff body which can improve energy collection efficiency under low wind speeds is proposed in this paper. CFD simulation of the proposed energy harvester [...] Read more.

Fluid-induced vibration is a common phenomenon in fluid–structure interaction. A flow-induced vibrational energy harvester based on a corrugated hyperstructure bluff body which can improve energy collection efficiency under low wind speeds is proposed in this paper. CFD simulation of the proposed energy harvester was carried out with COMSOL Multiphysics. The flow field around the harvester and the output voltage in different flow velocities is discussed and validated with experiments. Simulation results show that the proposed harvester has an improved harvesting efficiency and higher output voltage. Experimental results show that the output voltage amplitude of the harvester increased by 189% under 2 m/s wind speed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Analysis, Design and Fabrication, 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 2804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Output Characteristics of Microscale BST Laminate Structure Based on Mixed Finite Element Method

by Ying Luo, Tian Pu and Hongguang Liu

Micromachines 2023, 14(4), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14040755 - 29 Mar 2023

Viewed by 777

Abstract

The flexoelectric effect, which is sensitive to size, refers to the phenomenon of coupling between the strain gradient and electrical polarization and involves higher-order derivatives of physical quantities such as displacement, and the analytical process is complicated and difficult. Therefore, in this paper, [...] Read more.

The flexoelectric effect, which is sensitive to size, refers to the phenomenon of coupling between the strain gradient and electrical polarization and involves higher-order derivatives of physical quantities such as displacement, and the analytical process is complicated and difficult. Therefore, in this paper, a mixed finite element method is developed considering the effects of size effect and flexoelectric effect on the electromechanical coupling behavior of microscale flexoelectric materials. Based on the theoretical model of enthalpy density and the modified couple stress theory, the theoretical model and finite element model of microscale flexoelectric effect are established, and the Lagrange multiplier is used to coordinate the higher-order derivative relationship between the displacement field and its gradient, and the C¹ continuous quadrilateral 8-node (displacement and potential) and 4-node (displacement gradient and Lagrange multipliers) flexoelectric mixed element. By comparing the numerical calculation results and analytical solutions of the electrical output characteristics of the microscale BST/PDMS laminated cantilever structure, it is proved that the mixed finite element method designed in this paper is an effective tool for studying the electromechanical coupling behavior of flexoelectric materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Analysis, Design and Fabrication, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Topology Optimization of a Broadband Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

by Siyang Hu, Ulrike Fitzer, Khai Chau Nguyen, Dennis Hohlfeld, Jan G. Korvink and Tamara Bechtold

Micromachines 2023, 14(2), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14020332 - 27 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1212

Abstract

In recent years, topology optimization has proved itself to be state of the art in the design of mechanical structures. At the same time, energy harvesting has gained a lot of attention in research and industry. In this work, we present a novel [...] Read more.

In recent years, topology optimization has proved itself to be state of the art in the design of mechanical structures. At the same time, energy harvesting has gained a lot of attention in research and industry. In this work, we present a novel topology optimization of a multi-resonant piezoelectric energy-harvester device. The goal is to develop a broadband design that can generate constant power output over a range of frequencies, thus enabling reliable operation under changing environmental conditions. To achieve this goal, topology optimization is implemented with a combined-objective function, which tackles both the frequency requirement and the power-output characteristic. The optimization suggests a promising design, with satisfactory frequency characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Analysis, Design and Fabrication, 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 4484 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Pavement Piezoelectric Energy Harvester for Small Input Displacements

by Bin Yin, Jiaming Wei, Xin Jiang and Yan Liu

Micromachines 2023, 14(2), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14020292 - 22 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1626

Abstract

In order to collect mechanical energy from human motions on pavement without an obvious disturbance, a piezoelectric harvester for small displacement is proposed. A seesaw mechanism is utilized to transmit the pressure displacement to piezoelectric beams. Benefitting from the superiority of used axially [...] Read more.

In order to collect mechanical energy from human motions on pavement without an obvious disturbance, a piezoelectric harvester for small displacement is proposed. A seesaw mechanism is utilized to transmit the pressure displacement to piezoelectric beams. Benefitting from the superiority of used axially deformed beams, the designed scheme can produce a higher voltage than the ones based on the conventional bending cantilever. Favorable electrical energy is achieved by the manufactured prototype under a displacement lower than 1 mm. Two practical applications, including charging a capacitor and powering an environmental sensing node, demonstrate the feasibility of this energy harvester in supplying power for engineering devices. The proposed device shows a favorable capacity to capture energy from humans walking on pavements. Also, this category of axially deformed beam could provide ideas for developing piezoelectric harvesters under small displacements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Analysis, Design and Fabrication, 2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 3059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Wind-Solar Hybrid Energy Harvesting Approach Based on Wind-Induced Vibration Structure Applied in Smart Agriculture

by Lili Xia, Shaofei Ma, Peng Tao, Wanpeng Pei, Yong Liu, Lei Tao and Yipeng Wu

Micromachines 2023, 14(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14010058 - 26 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2877

Abstract

Solar energy harvesting devices are widely used in smart agriculture nowadays. However, when lighting conditions are weak, such as through the night or on cloudy days, efficiency decays a lot. Additionally, as time goes by, more and more dust and bird droppings accumulate [...] Read more.

Solar energy harvesting devices are widely used in smart agriculture nowadays. However, when lighting conditions are weak, such as through the night or on cloudy days, efficiency decays a lot. Additionally, as time goes by, more and more dust and bird droppings accumulate on the panel, which decreases the performance significantly. This paper aims to overcome the disadvantages mentioned above, and a novel wind–solar hybrid energy harvesting approach is proposed with an oscillation-induced dust-cleaning function. A wind-induced vibration device is specially designed in order to generate electrical energy and/or clean the photovoltaic panel. While in good lighting conditions, the device could keep the panel in a stable state and optimize the photovoltaic power generation efficiency. Such a hybrid energy harvesting approach is called a “suppress vibration and fill vacancy” algorithm. The experimental platform of the proposed device is introduced, and both experimental and simulation results are attained, which prove that using this device, we could realize multiple purposes at the same time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Analysis, Design and Fabrication, 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 4456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Four Electrical Interfacing Circuits in Frequency Up-Conversion Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting

by Han Lu, Kairui Chen, Hao Tang and Weiqun Liu

Micromachines 2022, 13(10), 1596; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13101596 - 26 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1205

Abstract

Efficiently scavenging piezoelectric vibration energy is attracting a lot of interest. One important type is the frequency up-conversion (FUC) energy harvester, in which a low-frequency beam (LFB) impacts a high-frequency beam (HFB). In this paper, four interface circuits, standard energy harvesting (SEH), self-powered [...] Read more.

Efficiently scavenging piezoelectric vibration energy is attracting a lot of interest. One important type is the frequency up-conversion (FUC) energy harvester, in which a low-frequency beam (LFB) impacts a high-frequency beam (HFB). In this paper, four interface circuits, standard energy harvesting (SEH), self-powered synchronous electric charge extraction (SP-SECE), self-powered synchronized switch harvesting on inductor (SP-SSHI) and self-powered optimized SECE (SP-OSECE), are compared while rectifying the generated piezoelectric voltage. The efficiencies of the four circuits are firstly tested at constant displacement and further analyzed. Furthermore, the harvested power under FUC is tested for different electromechanical couplings and different load values. The results show that SP-OSECE performs best in the case of a weak coupling or low-load resistance, for which the maximum power can be 43% higher than that of SEH. As the coupling level increases, SP-SSHI becomes the most efficient circuit with a 31% higher maximum power compared to that of SEH. The reasons for the variations in each circuit with different coupling coefficients are also analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Analysis, Design and Fabrication, 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 5999 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Nonlinear Piezoelectric Energy Harvester for Low-Frequency and Wideband Applications

by Osor Pertin, Koushik Guha, Olga Jakšić, Zoran Jakšić and Jacopo Iannacci

Micromachines 2022, 13(9), 1399; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13091399 - 26 Aug 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1380

Abstract

This paper proposes a monostable nonlinear Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (PEH). The harvester is based on an unconventional exsect-tapered fixed-guided spring design, which introduces nonlinearity into the system due to the bending and stretching of the spring. The physical–mathematical model and finite element simulations [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a monostable nonlinear Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (PEH). The harvester is based on an unconventional exsect-tapered fixed-guided spring design, which introduces nonlinearity into the system due to the bending and stretching of the spring. The physical–mathematical model and finite element simulations were performed to analyze the effects of the stretching-induced nonlinearity on the performance of the energy harvester. The proposed exsect-tapered nonlinear PEH shows a bandwidth and power enhancement of 15.38 and 44.4%, respectively, compared to conventional rectangular nonlinear PEHs. It shows a bandwidth and power enhancement of 11.11 and 26.83%, respectively, compared to a simple, linearly tapered and nonlinear PEH. The exsect-tapered nonlinear PEH improves the power output and operational bandwidth for harvesting low-frequency ambient vibrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Analysis, Design and Fabrication, 2nd Edition)

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