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Metals
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New Welding Materials and Green Joint Technology
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New Welding Materials and Green Joint Technology

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Welding and Joining".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2024 | Viewed by 7039

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Fuxiang Wei

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Materials and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
Interests: electronic packaging; lead-free solder; green joint technology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Welding technology, one of the important processes in material engineering, has been widely used in such industrial sectors as aeronautics, astronautics, energy, transportation, chemical industry, weapons, machinery, electronics and various metal structures. With the constant development of technologies and new materials, great achievements have been made in welding science and technology. At present, new materials and electronic, computer and robotic technologies have been developed, and they provide new opportunities for us to further probe welding technology. However, new materials, components and devices have higher requirements in welding processes and welding materials. These requirements can promote the innovation of traditional technologies in the connection of new or special materials and dissimilar material components and the reliability detection and life evaluation of complex welding products, and advance the development of new welding processes and green connection technologies.

In this Special Issue, we welcome a variety of research works on innovative green welding materials, new welding process and solder processing methods. Studies on additive manufacturing are also within the scope of this Issue.

Prof. Dr. Fuxiang Wei
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • welding materials
  • welding process
  • electronic packaging
  • connection technologies
  • additive manufacturing

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 8377 KiB  
Article
Electron-Beam Welding of Titanium and Ti6Al4V Using Magnetron-Sputtered Nb, V, and Cu Fillers
by Georgi Kotlarski, Darina Kaisheva, Angel Anchev, Maria Ormanova, Borislav Stoyanov, Vladimir Dunchev and Stefan Valkov
Metals 2024, 14(4), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14040417 - 01 Apr 2024
Viewed by 597
Abstract
In this work, the results of an investigation of electron-beam-welded samples of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) and the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V (Ti64) using fillers of various beta-stabilizing elements (Nb, V, Cu) are presented. The fillers were in the form of deposited layers on [...] Read more.
In this work, the results of an investigation of electron-beam-welded samples of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) and the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V (Ti64) using fillers of various beta-stabilizing elements (Nb, V, Cu) are presented. The fillers were in the form of deposited layers on each of the two specimens via DC magnetron sputtering. The specimens were then subjected to electron-beam welding (EBW) under the same technological conditions. The structure of the obtained welded joints was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to investigate the phase composition of the fusion zone (FZ). The study of the mechanical properties of the samples was carried out via tensile tests and microhardness measurements. The results showed a different influence of the used fillers on the structure and properties of the obtained joints, and in all cases, the yield strength increased compared to the samples welded using the same technological conditions without the use of filler material. In the case of using Nb and V as a filler, the typical transformation of titanium welds into elongated αTi particles along with α’-Ti martensitic structures was observed. The addition of a Cu filler into the structure of the welds resulted in a unification and refining of the structure of the last, which resulted in the improvement of the mechanical properties of the weld, particularly its ductility, which is a known issue where electron-beam welding is concerned. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Welding Materials and Green Joint Technology)
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16 pages, 5783 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Fatigue Crack Growth in Vacuum-Brazed Titanium Alloy
by Chou-Dian Huang, Jiun-Ren Hwang and Jiunn-Yuan Huang
Metals 2023, 13(11), 1879; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13111879 - 12 Nov 2023
Viewed by 791
Abstract
The assessment of fatigue is a crucial concern in welded components and structures. This study investigates the fatigue properties and models for predicting fatigue crack growth in Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy when processed by vacuum brazing with TiCuNi filler. Fatigue properties and the impact [...] Read more.
The assessment of fatigue is a crucial concern in welded components and structures. This study investigates the fatigue properties and models for predicting fatigue crack growth in Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy when processed by vacuum brazing with TiCuNi filler. Fatigue properties and the impact of the stress ratio were determined through constant amplitude fatigue tests. By utilizing the results obtained from variable amplitude fatigue tests, various prediction models for fatigue crack growth were examined: modifications for load interaction, residual stress, and crack closure. The results indicate that the microstructures in the brazed zone consist of numerous fine, elongated needle-like Widmanstätten structures. In terms of cycle counting methods, the rainflow method outperforms the simple-range method. In the stable crack growth rate region, fatigue crack growth rate increases with the rise in stress ratio in a manner similar to high-strength steels. The Paris model without any modification obtains good predictions. For models modified with crack closure, the Elber model yields slightly better prediction results than the Schijve model. Among fatigue crack growth prediction models, the Willenborg model with residual stress modification produces the best results. Fracture surfaces within fatigued specimens’ brazed zones exhibit ductile failure characteristics, where fatigue striations and secondary cracks were observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Welding Materials and Green Joint Technology)
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16 pages, 5289 KiB  
Article
Welding Quality Detection for Variable Groove Weldments Based on Infrared Sensor and Artificial Neural Network
by Rongwei Yu, Yong Huang, Shubiao Qiu, Yong Peng and Kehong Wang
Metals 2022, 12(12), 2124; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122124 - 10 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1063
Abstract
Connecting a variable groove weldment is always challenging, and it is necessary to monitor the course of the work and optimize the welding process parameters in real time to ensure the final welding forming quality. Welding penetration is an important index to appraise [...] Read more.
Connecting a variable groove weldment is always challenging, and it is necessary to monitor the course of the work and optimize the welding process parameters in real time to ensure the final welding forming quality. Welding penetration is an important index to appraise the welding forming quality; the visual sensing method for molten pool is the main method for detecting the weld penetration, but its detection accuracy is affected by the arc light. In this paper, a welding penetration sensing method for variable groove weldments based on the welding temperature field distribution is proposed. Firstly, a set of temperature field measurement system for a weldment is developed by means of an infrared sensor. Secondly, in the direction perpendicular to the welding direction, a linear temperature distribution feature extraction algorithm based on Gaussian fitting is studied; in the direction parallel to the welding direction, the linear temperature distribution feature extraction algorithm based on the thermal cycle parameters is studied, and the feasibility of using the extracted linear temperature distribution features to identify the weld penetration of a variable groove weldment is analyzed. Finally, taking the extracted linear temperature distribution features as input, using an artificial neural network, the prediction model for the welding penetration of a variable groove weldment is established. The experimental results showed that the weld penetration sensing method put forward in this paper can realize high-precision weld penetration sensing and has high reliability, which solves the problem that weld penetration sensing is affected by arc light to a great extent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Welding Materials and Green Joint Technology)
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8 pages, 4245 KiB  
Article
Sn-0.7Cu-10Bi Solder Modification Strategy by Cr Addition
by Pin Han, Zhenpo Lu and Xuping Zhang
Metals 2022, 12(10), 1768; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12101768 - 21 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1245
Abstract
The application of Sn-0.7Cu-based composite solder in electronic packaging is limited due to its high melting point, poor wettability and low mechanical properties. Herein, we propose a strategy of adding Bi and Cr to improve the solderability of Sn-0.7Cu lead-free solder. The results [...] Read more.
The application of Sn-0.7Cu-based composite solder in electronic packaging is limited due to its high melting point, poor wettability and low mechanical properties. Herein, we propose a strategy of adding Bi and Cr to improve the solderability of Sn-0.7Cu lead-free solder. The results show that the addition of Bi reduces the melting point of the composite solder. Moreover, the Cr particles adsorb at the interface between solder and substrate, thereby reducing the wetting angle of the composite solder. The wetting angle reaches a minimum value of 25.84° when the content of Cr is 0.2 wt.%. The addition of Bi and Cr changes the microstructure of the composite solder. The nucleation rate of β-Sn rises with the increase of Cr content, thus decreasing the size of β-Sn. Furthermore, the addition of Bi and Cr reduces the thickness of the intermetallic compounds (IMCs). This is due to the adsorption of Bi and Cr at the interface of IMCs hinders the atomic diffusion channels and inhibits the growth of IMCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Welding Materials and Green Joint Technology)
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8 pages, 3434 KiB  
Article
Effect of Ni-Coated Carbon Nanotubes Additions on the Eutectic Sn-0.7Cu Lead-Free Composite Solder
by Xin Liu, Guoge Lu, Zhe Ji, Fuxiang Wei, Chuandang Yao and Jiajian Wang
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071196 - 14 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1298
Abstract
Sn-0.7Cu-based (all in wt.% unless specified otherwise) composite solders functionalized with Ni-coated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with various weight proportions ranging from 0.01 to 0.2 wt.% were successfully produced. The Ni-coated CNTs were synthesized with discontinuous nickel coating by an improved electroless nickel plating [...] Read more.
Sn-0.7Cu-based (all in wt.% unless specified otherwise) composite solders functionalized with Ni-coated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with various weight proportions ranging from 0.01 to 0.2 wt.% were successfully produced. The Ni-coated CNTs were synthesized with discontinuous nickel coating by an improved electroless nickel plating technique. The microstructural, melting and wetting properties of Sn-0.7Cu-based composite solders were evaluated as a function of different amounts of Ni-coated CNTs addition. Compared to Sn-0.7Cu, it was observed that the microstructure of the composite solder added to the Ni-coated CNTs was still composed of the intermetallic compound Cu6Sn5 in a β-Sn matrix, but the micromorphology changed greatly. When 0.05 wt.% Ni-coated CNTs were added, the rod-shaped Cu6Sn5 particles disappeared, and all appeared in a form of dot-shaped Cu6Sn5 particles. DSC results showed only a slight decrease in the melting behavior of the composite solder. Experimental results unveiled that the addition of Ni-coated CNTs to Sn-0.7Cu solder could improve the wettability. With the addition of 0.05 wt.% Ni-coated CNTs, the wetting angle decreased by 13.35%, and an optimum wetting angle of 25.44° was achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Welding Materials and Green Joint Technology)
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11 pages, 3928 KiB  
Article
Effect of Ni-MOF Derivatives on the Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Sn-0.7Cu Solders
by Guoge Lu, Bo Lin, Zhan Gao, Yingxin Li and Fuxiang Wei
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071172 - 10 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1289
Abstract
The corrosion resistance of solder joints is a critical factor affecting the service life of electronic products during long-term operation. In this study, the corrosion behavior of Sn-0.7Cu-xNi@C (x = 0, 0.04, 0.08, and 0.12 wt.%) composite solders was investigated [...] Read more.
The corrosion resistance of solder joints is a critical factor affecting the service life of electronic products during long-term operation. In this study, the corrosion behavior of Sn-0.7Cu-xNi@C (x = 0, 0.04, 0.08, and 0.12 wt.%) composite solders was investigated using a Tafel polarization curve in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, and the result demonstrated that it was the Ni@C that enhanced the corrosion resistance of the composite solder. The corrosion rate of the composite solders decreased with increasing Ni@C content and reached the lowest value of 0.205 mm/y when the content of Ni@C reached 0.08 wt.%. Ni@C changed the morphologies of corrosion products Sn3O(OH)2Cl2 from thick flakes to dense fine needles and flakes, which made it more difficult for Cl– to break down corrosion products. Thus, the corrosion resistance of composite solder was improved. The carbon skeleton in Ni@C served as an inert physical barrier to inhibit further corrosion. Furthermore, the potential difference between IMC and β-Sn decreased with the addition of Ni@C, which reduced the corrosion rate of the electric couple and enhanced the corrosion resistance of the composite solder. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Welding Materials and Green Joint Technology)
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