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Metals
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Welding of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS)
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Welding of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS)

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Welding and Joining".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 21973

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Kornél Májlinger

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
Interests: duplex stainless steel (DSS) welding; high-strength austenitic steel welding; role of nitrogen in DSS welding; role of nitrogen in austenitic steel welding, ultrahigh-strength steel (UHSS) welding; microstructure investigations
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

To build large steel structures with reduced self-weight, the use of high-strength steel is necessary. Also in the transportation industry, such as for automotive production, decreasing of self-weight is mandatory for reducing fuel consumption. To achieve effective weight reduction, higher strength steels with smaller wall thicknesses have recently been coming into more frequent use. Therefore, steel manufacturers are producing higher and higher strength steels types, e.g., thermomechanically processed quenched and tempered (Q&T) high-strength structural steels, dual and complex phase (DP and CP) steels, transformation- and twinning-induced plasticity (TRIP and TWIP) steels, and martensitic steel grades reaching near 2000 MPa in ultimate tensile strength. Also, the needs of the chemical industry have inspired steel manufacturers to develop high-strength corrosion resistance steel grades, such as duplex (DSS), martensitic, precipitation-hardened (PH), and nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels.

The best joint efficiency for steels can be achieved by welding processes, but the determination of the proper welding technology for newly developed high-strength steel grades is challenging for welding engineers. Therefore, original research papers are invited in the field of welding with advanced high-strength steel (AHSS)—preferably above 800 MPa in ultimate tensile strength.

We welcome papers covering novel and also conventional welding technologies which address specific problems in the welding of AHSSs in order to support further industrial application. Research regarding newly developed welding techniques for AHSS grades is also of interest, with an emphasis on possible industrial uses.

Dr. Kornél Májlinger
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) welding
  • ultrahigh-strength steel (UHSS) welding
  • duplex stainless steel (DSS) welding
  • high-strength austenitic steel welding
  • precipitation-hardened (PH) stainless steel welding
  • dual phase (DP) steel welding
  • transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel welding
  • twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel welding
  • martensitic ultrahigh-strength steel welding

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 6787 KiB  
Article
Influence of the Cooling Time on the Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Performance of a Double Pulse Resistance Spot Welded Medium-Mn Steel
by Manfred Stadler, Ronald Schnitzer, Martin Gruber, Katharina Steineder and Christina Hofer
Metals 2021, 11(2), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020270 - 05 Feb 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2027
Abstract
In the present work, the influence of the cooling time on the mechanical performance, hardness, and microstructural features of a double pulse resistance spot welded medium-Mn steel are investigated. Curves of the electrical resistance throughout the welding revealed that the cooling time strongly [...] Read more.
In the present work, the influence of the cooling time on the mechanical performance, hardness, and microstructural features of a double pulse resistance spot welded medium-Mn steel are investigated. Curves of the electrical resistance throughout the welding revealed that the cooling time strongly influences the heat generation during the second pulse. A second pulse after a short cooling time re-melts the center, and heat treats the edge of the primary fusion zone. This desired in-process heat treatment leads to a modification of the cast-like martensitic structure by recrystallization illustrated by electron backscatter diffraction measurements and to a homogenization of manganese segregations, visualized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which results in an enhanced mechanical performance during the cross tension strength test. In contrast, during excessively long cooling times, the resistance drops to a level where the heat generation due to the second pulse is too low to sufficiently re-heat the edge of the primary FZ. As a consequence, the signs of recrystallization disappear, and the manganese segregations are still present at the edge of the fusion zone, which leads to a deterioration of the mechanical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS))
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15 pages, 6313 KiB  
Article
Strength Calculation and Equal Load-Carrying-Capacity Design of an Undermatched HSLA Lap Joint under Out-of-Plane Bending
by Junli Guo, Zhibo Dong, Hongyuan Fang and Jiajie Wang
Metals 2021, 11(1), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11010161 - 16 Jan 2021
Viewed by 2309
Abstract
This work aimed to design an undermatched lap joint that has an equal load-carrying capacity (ELCC) with a traditional equalmatched joint under out-of-plane bending. A weld strength calculation method was proposed based on the similarity of a lap joint and a T joint, [...] Read more.
This work aimed to design an undermatched lap joint that has an equal load-carrying capacity (ELCC) with a traditional equalmatched joint under out-of-plane bending. A weld strength calculation method was proposed based on the similarity of a lap joint and a T joint, as shown using linear elastic finite element (FE) analysis, and then applied in the analysis of a lap joint and the design of an ELCC lap joint. A single lap joint of HQ785 steel was chosen for experimental verification. The bending force limit of the ELCC joint was 93.35% of the theoretical prediction and 96.90% of the traditional equalmatched joint. The results show that the weld strength calculation method and the ELCC design method are reasonable and feasible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS))
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17 pages, 11948 KiB  
Article
Effect of Double Pulse Resistance Spot Welding Process on 15B22 Hot Stamped Boron Steel
by Hwa-Teng Lee and Yuan-Chih Chang
Metals 2020, 10(10), 1279; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101279 - 24 Sep 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3065
Abstract
Double pulse resistance spot welding process by applying a second step welding current is a new pathway to alter the mechanical properties for advanced high strength steels. Herein, the resistance spot welding (RSW) of hot stamped boron steel 15B22 by one-step and two-step [...] Read more.
Double pulse resistance spot welding process by applying a second step welding current is a new pathway to alter the mechanical properties for advanced high strength steels. Herein, the resistance spot welding (RSW) of hot stamped boron steel 15B22 by one-step and two-step welding with different welding currents is investigated. The results of the tensile–shear test, size of the weld nugget, hardness distribution, microstructure, and failure mode of different welding parameters are analyzed. The weldment of the two-step RSW with a higher heat input exhibits a lower tensile–shear load and lower fracture energy when the size of the weld nugget is large. The microstructural study reveals the appearance of a partially melted zone and sub-critical heat affected zone in the weldment where the fracture readily occurred. Thus, the two-step RSW process weakens the strength of the sample, which is attributed to the partial softening in the weldment due to the higher heat input. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS))
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11 pages, 1085 KiB  
Article
Effect of Severe Welding Conditions on Liquid Metal Embrittlement of a 3rd-Generation Advanced High-Strength Steel
by Outhmane Siar, Yacine Benlatreche, Thomas Dupuy, Sylvain Dancette and Damien Fabrègue
Metals 2020, 10(9), 1166; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091166 - 29 Aug 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3636
Abstract
The occurrence of liquid metal embrittlement (LME) during the resistance spot-welding of a zinc-coated Advanced High-Strength Steel (TRIP-aided AHSS) is investigated in this work. Welds are generated using controlled degradation of the welding conditions to favor the occurrence of LME cracks in a [...] Read more.
The occurrence of liquid metal embrittlement (LME) during the resistance spot-welding of a zinc-coated Advanced High-Strength Steel (TRIP-aided AHSS) is investigated in this work. Welds are generated using controlled degradation of the welding conditions to favor the occurrence of LME cracks in a two-sheets homogeneous configuration. Detailed inspection of the welds shows that electrode misalignment, short holding time, low electrode force and long welding time constitute a propitious environment for both inner and outer LME cracks. A statistical analysis allows weighting and interpreting of the significance of the welding parameters. Electrode misalignment and reduced holding time appear as the most influential parameters in the design of experiment. Moreover, it is worth noting that standard ISO welding conditions are prone to avoid any LME cracks in the investigated two-sheets homogeneous configuration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS))
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15 pages, 4526 KiB  
Article
Effects of an External Magnetic Field on the Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of the Fusion Zone in TIG Welding
by Anderson Vergílio de Queiroz, Márcio Teodoro Fernandes, Leonardo Silva, Rudineli Demarque, Carlos Roberto Xavier and José Adilson de Castro
Metals 2020, 10(6), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10060714 - 28 May 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3372
Abstract
Welding is a widely used process that requires continuous developments to meet new application demands of mechanical projects under severe conditions. The homogeneity of metallurgical and mechanical properties in welded joints is the key factor for any welding process. The applications of external [...] Read more.
Welding is a widely used process that requires continuous developments to meet new application demands of mechanical projects under severe conditions. The homogeneity of metallurgical and mechanical properties in welded joints is the key factor for any welding process. The applications of external magnetic fields, mechanical vibration, and ultrasound are the fundamental steps to achieve success in improving these properties. The present work aimed at determining suitable processing conditions to achieve the desired balance between metallurgical and mechanical properties of 304L steel in TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding under the application of an external magnetic field. The microstructural characteristics of the weld bead were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In order to evaluate the mechanical properties of the welded specimen, its Vickers microhardness map and Charpy impact energy at −20 °C were obtained. In addition, corrosion tests were carried out in the saline medium to compare the corrosion resistance of the joint with that of the base metal and that without the magnetic field. It was found that the external magnetic field decreased the percentage of delta ferrite, improved the filling of the weld pool with the weld metal, and decreased the primary and secondary dendritic spacings. The Vickers microhardness value under the magnetic field was found to be lower than that without the magnetic field, and the Charpy test showed no significant variation in energy absorption. Moreover, the welded joint produced under the external magnetic field manifested less resistance to corrosion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS))
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Review

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23 pages, 5986 KiB  
Review
Liquid Metal Embrittlement of Galvanized TRIP Steels in Resistance Spot Welding
by Wook-Sang Jeon, Ashutosh Sharma and Jae Pil Jung
Metals 2020, 10(6), 787; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10060787 - 13 Jun 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5880
Abstract
Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) in Zn-coated steels is a serious issue in automotive design. The risk of rising LME surface cracks in resistance spot welding (RSW) of Zn-coated high strength steels has triggered significant research activities across the globe. This paper presents a [...] Read more.
Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) in Zn-coated steels is a serious issue in automotive design. The risk of rising LME surface cracks in resistance spot welding (RSW) of Zn-coated high strength steels has triggered significant research activities across the globe. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of the various phenomena and issues related to LME during RSW. Various aspects of LME surface cracks have been described in this review, focusing on the macro- and microscopic features of LME, spot weld cracks, the sensitivity of the LME cracks towards surface locations, welding conditions, and susceptibility to high strength and galvanized steels. We also focus on the effects of various processing factors, such as temperature, stress, microstructure, and the nature of the galvanized layer, related to studies with actual spot welds LME cracks. Finally, we summarize the possible mechanisms of embrittlement and the remedies for minimizing LME cracks, with suitable guidelines to suppress surface cracks during RSW. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS))
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