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Metals
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Surface Modification Technology in Metals
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Surface Modification Technology in Metals

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Metal Casting, Forming and Heat Treatment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 14770

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Marek Węglowski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Head of Testing of Materials Weldability and Welded Construction Department, Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Welding, Bl. Czeslawa Str. 16-18, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
Interests: mechanical and manufacturing engineering; welding technology; surface modification technology; electron beam remelting; friction stir processing (FSP)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the case of growing competition in the market, the production of a surface with given mechanical properties is an indispensable part of modern production systems. The concept of surface modification makes it possible to reduce the porosity of materials, increase adhesion, refine grain size, and improve mechanical properties. In many cases, surface modification can be carried out as the final processing step.

Modification of the surface as an “umbrella” term defines all of those technological process variants that provide the surface of a component with new properties. Spraying technologies allow for only the formation of coatings with a desired chemical composition and thickness, however, they are characterized by numerous imperfections associated with the process of depositing the powder (or molten wire) on the previously prepared surface of the substrate material. In order to improve the properties and eliminate the material discontinuous, it is necessary to conduct the process of remelting sprayed coatings. Electron beam remelting, laser beam remelting, arc remelting, and friction stir processing can be recognized as surface modification processes. It should be noted that surface modification can be put into effect very quickly and very precisely at the position desired in each case. The surface modification process can be applied in an absolutely local form, precisely to those regions where it is needed.

In this Special Issue, we seek to provide a wide set of articles on various aspects of surface modification. The idea is to demonstrate the broad range of the properties and applications of these technologies. It is hoped that this open access Issue will provide a place for anyone to familiarize themselves with the current state-of-the art for these processes. Articles on the technological process analysis, defect elimination, and performance of the final surface are welcome.

Dr. Marek Węglowski
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Surface modification
  • Electron beam remelting
  • Laser beam remelting
  • Electric arc remelting
  • Friction stir processing
  • Defect elimination
  • Microstructure characterization
  • Wear resistance

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 27840 KiB  
Article
High-Pressure Cold Spray Coatings for Aircraft Brakes Application
by Marco Granata, Giovanna Gautier di Confiengo and Francesco Bellucci
Metals 2022, 12(10), 1558; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12101558 - 20 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1542
Abstract
This paper addresses the potential use of high-pressure cold spray (HP-CS) technology to produce a film of friction material onto a low-carbon steel substrate to allow its use as potential composite material for the stators and rotors of aircraft brake units. Namely, WC-Cr [...] Read more.
This paper addresses the potential use of high-pressure cold spray (HP-CS) technology to produce a film of friction material onto a low-carbon steel substrate to allow its use as potential composite material for the stators and rotors of aircraft brake units. Namely, WC-Cr3C2-Ni, WC-Ni, WC-Co-Cr, Cr3C2-NiCr and WC-Co coatings were deposited by using HP-CS, for the purpose of creating high friction and wear resistance composite coatings onto a low-carbon steel substrate. Tribological (friction coefficient and wear rate) and thermal properties as well as coating hardness and adhesion to the low-carbon steel substrate were evaluated to assess the potential use of the coatings as brake surface materials. The tribological and adhesion properties were evaluated by using a pin-on-disk high-temperature tribometer at 450 °C and a scratch test, respectively, whereas coatings hardness was evaluated with a Rockwell C hardness tester. Results obtained show that all coatings exhibit high friction coefficients and low wear rates compared to the low-carbon steel substrate, good adhesion, and elevated microhardness. Furthermore, the WC-Co coating shows better microhardness and thermal properties, while the WC-Co-Cr coating exhibited a better friction coefficient. Unfortunately, it was not possible to quantify the wear resistance due to the elevated roughness of the coatings, but from the analysis carried out on the alumina counterpart of the tribometer, it can be concluded that all the coatings exhibited a very low wear rate. In fact, after the tribological tests, it emerged that the alumina counterpart was more abraded than the investigated coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology in Metals)
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14 pages, 13418 KiB  
Article
Groove Formation on Metal Substrates by Nanosecond Laser Removal of Melted Material
by John V. Amiaga, Alejandro Ramos-Velazquez, Sergey G. Gorny, Svetlana A. Vologzhanina and Alexandre Michtchenko
Metals 2021, 11(12), 2026; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11122026 - 14 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2624
Abstract
An effective strategy to produce grooves on carbon steel substrates by nanosecond laser radiation is proposed. The aim is to increase the productivity of grooves creation. In this study, two different modes of laser treatment are compared. The first mode focuses on the [...] Read more.
An effective strategy to produce grooves on carbon steel substrates by nanosecond laser radiation is proposed. The aim is to increase the productivity of grooves creation. In this study, two different modes of laser treatment are compared. The first mode focuses on the evaporation of material, while the second focuses on the formation of melted material and its removal by the action of pressure vapors produced by evaporated material. Within some ranges of processing parameters, the shape of the groove can be linearly controlled. The dependence of the groove depth also has a logarithmic nature when the number of passes is increased. Using the liquid phase mode in some ranges of parameters can reduce the amount of evaporated material in comparison with standard techniques in which the material is removed in the form of gas, and fine dust is emitted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology in Metals)
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17 pages, 28306 KiB  
Article
Effect of Aluminum Ion Irradiation on Chemical and Phase Composition of Surface Layers of Rolled AISI 321 Stainless Steel
by Pavel V. Bykov, Vladimir Y. Bayankin, Victor V. Tcherdyntsev, Vasiliy L. Vorob’ev, Elena A. Pechina, Tatyana A. Sviridova, Andrey A. Shushkov, Andrey I. Chukavin and Svetlana S. Alexandrova
Metals 2021, 11(11), 1706; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111706 - 26 Oct 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1765
Abstract
Commercial rolled AISI 321 stainless steel samples were irradiated with Al+ ions with an energy of 80 keV and fluence of 1017 ion/cm2. The effect of Al implantation on the chemical and phase composition of the steel surface layer [...] Read more.
Commercial rolled AISI 321 stainless steel samples were irradiated with Al+ ions with an energy of 80 keV and fluence of 1017 ion/cm2. The effect of Al implantation on the chemical and phase composition of the steel surface layer was studied by X-ray electron spectroscopy and grazing beam mode of X-ray diffraction analysis. A thin surface layer down to a depth of 30 nm after Al+ ions implantation consists mainly of metal oxides. In the near-surface layers of 5 nm in depth, a noticeable depletion in chromium and nickel was observed. A surface layer (up to 0.5 µm) of non-irradiated steel, in addition to the f.c.c. austenite γ-phase, consists of up to 20 vol% of the b.c.c. α′-phase, which formed at rolling as a result of mechanical deformation. Al implantation results in the significant increase in the α′-phase amount in the surface layer at a depth up to 2 µm. It is indicated that the observed γ → α′ transformation at ion irradiation proceeds predominantly as a result of the effect of post-cascade shock waves, but not as a result of the surface layer chemical composition changes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology in Metals)
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14 pages, 4960 KiB  
Article
Modeling and Simulation of Non-Uniform Electrolytic Machining Based on Cellular Automata
by Hongyu Wei, Zhongning Guo and Zhiyu Ma
Metals 2021, 11(11), 1694; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111694 - 24 Oct 2021
Viewed by 1546
Abstract
Porous microstructure is a common surface morphology that is widely used in antifouling, drag reduction, adsorption, and other applications. In this paper, the lattice gas automata (LGA) method was used to simulate the non-uniform electrochemical machining of porous structure at the mesoscopic level. [...] Read more.
Porous microstructure is a common surface morphology that is widely used in antifouling, drag reduction, adsorption, and other applications. In this paper, the lattice gas automata (LGA) method was used to simulate the non-uniform electrochemical machining of porous structure at the mesoscopic level. In a cellular space, the metal and the electrolyte were separated into orderly grids, the migration of corrosive particles was determined by an electric field, and the influences of the concentration gradient and corrosion products were considered. It was found that different pore morphologies were formed due to the competition between dissolution and diffusion. When the voltage was low, diffusion was sufficient, and no deposit was formed at the bottom of the pore. The pore grew faster along the depth and attained a cylindrical shape with a large depth-to-diameter ratio. As the voltage increased, the dissolution rates in all directions were the same; therefore, the pore became approximately spherical. When the voltage continued to increase, corrosion products were not discharged in time due to the rapid dissolution rate. Consequently, a sedimentary layer was formed at the bottom of the pore and hindered further dissolution. In turn, a disc-shaped pore with secondary pores was formed. The obtained simulation results were verified by experimental findings. This study revealed the causes of different morphologies of pores, which has certain guiding significance for non-uniform electrochemical machining. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology in Metals)
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13 pages, 3645 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study of the Influence of Geometric Features of Dimple Texture on Hydrodynamic Pressure Generation
by Yuan Wei, Robert Tomkowski and Andreas Archenti
Metals 2020, 10(3), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10030361 - 11 Mar 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3427
Abstract
Controlling friction and wear are essential for reducing energy loss and lengthening the life span of friction pairs in sliding contacts. Surface texturing is an effective and efficient way to reduce friction and wear, especially under lubricated conditions. Dimple texture on friction pair [...] Read more.
Controlling friction and wear are essential for reducing energy loss and lengthening the life span of friction pairs in sliding contacts. Surface texturing is an effective and efficient way to reduce friction and wear, especially under lubricated conditions. Dimple texture on friction pair surfaces has been verified to enhance the lubrication condition and shift the lubrication regime by generating additional hydrodynamic pressure. However, the geometric features and distribution of the microstructures considerably influence the production of additional pressure. Choosing and designing dimple texture with suitable geometric features is necessary and important for texturing applications. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are used to investigate the effect of the geometric features of dimple textures on pressure build-up. The influence of dimple shapes, dimple depths, minimum film thickness, dimple densities, and dimple surface angles are presented and discussed. Notably, the influence of the dimple surface angle is introduced and presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology in Metals)
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19 pages, 20553 KiB  
Article
Surface Quality and Free Energy Evaluation of s275 Steel by Shot Blasting, Abrasive Water Jet Texturing and Laser Surface Texturing
by Fermin Bañon, Alejandro Sambruno, Moises Batista, Bartolome Simonet and Jorge Salguero
Metals 2020, 10(2), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10020290 - 22 Feb 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3028
Abstract
Surface modification by different technologies prior to joining operations or improving tribological properties is a point of great interest. Improving surface activation by increasing the roughness of the metal is a relationship that is becoming more defined. In turn, an increase in surface [...] Read more.
Surface modification by different technologies prior to joining operations or improving tribological properties is a point of great interest. Improving surface activation by increasing the roughness of the metal is a relationship that is becoming more defined. In turn, an increase in surface wettability by evaluating contact angles indicates surface activation by obtaining a high surface free energy. Technologies such as shot blasting and laser surface texturing (LST) have generated several scientific studies where they have identified the influence of parameters on the formation of rough surfaces with defined patterns. However, the application of abrasive water jet texturing (AWJT) has been little studied as an alternative. This article compares these technologies in the texturing of a carbon steel s275 in order to identify the relationship between surface quality and surface activation. It has been determined that AWJT produces the highest Rt values close to 64 µm with a cross feed of 0.45 mm and a traverse speed of 5000 mm/min. Furthermore, LST obtains the best values of free surface energy by combining a power of 20 W with a frequency of 20 kHz and a sweeping speed of 10 mm/s. Finally, contour diagrams have been obtained which relate these variables to the texturing parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology in Metals)
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