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Metals
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Development and Application of Microscale Metallic Fibers
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Development and Application of Microscale Metallic Fibers

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2022) | Viewed by 13071

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jingshun Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, China
Interests: Metallic microwires; microstructural characterization; mechanical property; magnetic property; physical and chemical effects; functional device; sensor applications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Research on microscale metallic fibers is considered a novel research direction with potential application prospects by international experts in the field of microwires. Microscale metallic fibers (also known as “metallic microwires”) change their geometric dimension and microstructure due to the unique preparation processes (such as in-rotating spinning, glass-coating and rotated-dipping, etc.) and thus exhibit magnetic and mechanical properties different from those of bulk materials, such as giant magneto-impedance effect (GMI), magneto-caloric effect (MCE), magnetostriction effect (MSE), size effect (SE), etc. Therefore, these special magnetic and mechanical functional properties of microscale metallic fibers provide the possibility of performance modulation and functional integration applications. In recent years, researchers have paid more attention to them, especially in the fields of magnetic sensitivity detection, magnetic refrigeration technology, and structural and functional device development. At the same time, there are still some basic scientific issues of microscale metallic fibers that need to be further studied, solved, and clarified.

In this Special Issue, we strongly invite you to contribute your articles that focus on the latest research progress related to preparation methods including liquid-forming technology, microstructural characterization, magnetic and mechanical properties, and some interesting physical effects of microscale metallic fibers, as well as to demonstrate the innovative multi-functional devices and potential sensor applications of advanced metallic microwires.

Prof. Dr. Jingshun Liu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metallic fibers
  • microstructural characterization
  • magnetic performance
  • mechanical properties
  • fracture mechanics
  • amorphous microwires
  • physical effects
  • magnetic functional device
  • sensor applications

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 4581 KiB  
Article
Microwave Absorbing Properties and Mechanism Analysis of Ni–Doped Fe–Based Metallic Microwires
by Jingshun Liu, Yamei Wang, Guanda Qu, Rui Liu, Yun Zhang and Congliang Wang
Metals 2022, 12(12), 2041; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122041 - 27 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1103
Abstract
Fe–based metallic microwires possess unique microstructure and size effects, exhibiting favorable mechanical, electrical, and magnetic properties, thus distinguishing them as a possible agents for use as microwave absorbing materials. In this paper, the absorbing properties of Ni–doped Fe–based metallic microwires optimized by orthogonal [...] Read more.
Fe–based metallic microwires possess unique microstructure and size effects, exhibiting favorable mechanical, electrical, and magnetic properties, thus distinguishing them as a possible agents for use as microwave absorbing materials. In this paper, the absorbing properties of Ni–doped Fe–based metallic microwires optimized by orthogonal experiments were investigated, and based on the optimal parameters, the influencing mechanism of the Ni doping amount on the absorbing properties was further analyzed. It was noted that at the frequency f = 8.36 GHz, the maximum reflection loss RL and electromagnetic wave absorption efficiency Aeff can reach −54.89 dB and 99.999%, respectively. Moreover, the Ni doping amount could result in the improved wave-absorbing properties of composites, obtain the corresponding optimal parameters, and even change the position of the maximum absorption peak, which are all of great significance for practical engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Microscale Metallic Fibers)
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11 pages, 4264 KiB  
Article
Large Linear Giant Magneto-Impedance Response of Microwire Annealed under Liquid Medium for Potential Sensor Applications
by Dongming Chen, Jingshun Liu, Lunyong Zhang, Hongxian Shen and Jianfei Sun
Metals 2022, 12(11), 1926; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12111926 - 10 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1076
Abstract
Herein, we have presented the giant magneto-impedance (GMI) effect, microstructure and surface domain structure of the Co-Fe-based amorphous microwires after liquid medium—anhydrous ethanol Joule annealing (AJA). The AJA technique can effectively release the radial stress and induce large a circumferential magnetic field by [...] Read more.
Herein, we have presented the giant magneto-impedance (GMI) effect, microstructure and surface domain structure of the Co-Fe-based amorphous microwires after liquid medium—anhydrous ethanol Joule annealing (AJA). The AJA technique can effectively release the radial stress and induce large a circumferential magnetic field by changing the Joule heat transfer and the circumferential domain, to further tune the GMI performance of microwire. The linear response fields (0~3.5 Oe), the high sensitivity of 124.1%/Oe and the high GMI ratio make the microwire as promising materials for the miniaturized GMI sensors. The GMI ratios of [ΔZ/Z0]max(%) and [ΔZ/Zmax]max(%) increase the near-linearly to 201.9% and 200.5%, respectively, for the 250 mA anhydrous ethanol Joule annealed wires. Moreover, a linear response to Hex (ranging from 3.5 to 25 Oe, or more) is observed, which bears the potential in fabricating bi-sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Microscale Metallic Fibers)
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13 pages, 4308 KiB  
Article
Martensitic Transition and Superelasticity of Ordered Heat Treatment Ni-Mn-Ga-Fe Microwires
by Yanfen Liu, Zirui Lang, Hongxian Shen, Jingshun Liu and Jianfei Sun
Metals 2022, 12(9), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091546 - 19 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1216
Abstract
The preparation of Ni-Mn-Ga and Ni-Mn-Ga-Fe master alloy ingots and microwires was completed by high vacuum electric furnace melt melting furnace and melt drawing liquid forming equipment, and the lattice dislocations and defects formed inside the microwires during the preparation process were corrected [...] Read more.
The preparation of Ni-Mn-Ga and Ni-Mn-Ga-Fe master alloy ingots and microwires was completed by high vacuum electric furnace melt melting furnace and melt drawing liquid forming equipment, and the lattice dislocations and defects formed inside the microwires during the preparation process were corrected by stepwise ordered heat treatment. The micro-structure and phase structure were characterized using a SEM field emission scanning electron microscopy and an XRD diffractometer combined with an EDS energy spectrum analyzer; the martensitic phase transformation process of the microwires was analyzed using a DSC differential scanning calorimeter; and the superelasticity of the microwires was tested by a Q800 dynamic mechanical analyzer. The results indicate that Fe doping can refine the grain, transform the phase structure from parent phase to single 7M martensite, reduce the number of martensitic variants, and increase the mobility of the twin grain boundary interface. The MT phase transition temperature (MS) is substantially increased in the martensite transition (MT) process by the increase of the number of free electrons in its lattice. During the superelasticity (SE) test, both microwires displayed superior recover-ability of SE curves, and the Fe doping curves showed similar characteristics of “linear superelasticity”, showing higher critical stress values and complete SE in the experiment. The critical stress satisfies the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and exhibits higher temperature sensitivity than Ni-Mn-Ga microwires. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Microscale Metallic Fibers)
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7 pages, 2180 KiB  
Communication
Enhanced Magnetocaloric Properties of Annealed Melt-Extracted Mn1.3Fe0.6P0.5Si0.5 Microwires
by Lin Luo, Jia Yan Law, Hongxian Shen, Luis M. Moreno-Ramírez, Victorino Franco, Shu Guo, Nguyen Thi My Duc, Jianfei Sun and Manh-Huong Phan
Metals 2022, 12(9), 1536; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091536 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1184
Abstract
The highly regarded Fe2P-based magnetocaloric materials are usually fabricated by ball milling, and require an additional extended annealing treatment at high temperatures (at temperatures up to 1423 K for several hours to days). In this work, we show that fabricating Mn [...] Read more.
The highly regarded Fe2P-based magnetocaloric materials are usually fabricated by ball milling, and require an additional extended annealing treatment at high temperatures (at temperatures up to 1423 K for several hours to days). In this work, we show that fabricating Mn1.3Fe0.6P0.5Si0.5 into the form of microwires attained 82.1 wt.% of the desired Fe2P phase in the as-cast state. The microwires show a variable solidification structure along the radial direction; close to the copper wheel contact, Fe2P phase is in fine grains, followed by dendritic Fe2P grains and finally secondary (Mn,Fe)5Si3 phase in addition to the dendritic Fe2P grains. The as-cast microwires undergo a ferro- to para-magnetic transition with a Curie temperature of 138 K, showing a maximum isothermal magnetic entropy change of 4.6 J kg−1 K−1 for a magnetic field change of 5 T. With further annealing, a two-fold increase in the maximum isothermal magnetic entropy change is found in the annealed microwires, which reveal 88.1 wt.% of Fe2P phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Microscale Metallic Fibers)
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9 pages, 1053 KiB  
Article
Influences of Anisotropic Equivalent Field and Magnetic Damping Coefficient on Giant Magnetoimpedance Effect of Cylindrical Alloy Fibers: Theoretical Magnetoimpedance Calculations
by Tao Wang, Yingjie Zhang, Jingtao Lei, Qiuyuan Wang, Jinbo Chen, Hengyu Li, Zhizheng Wu, Ze Cui, Mei Liu and Jinjun Rao
Metals 2022, 12(9), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091532 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1101
Abstract
In this paper, the giant magneto-impedance (GMI) model of a cylindrical alloy fiber was established by the Maxwell equation and Landau–Lifshitz equation to simulate the influence of physical parameters of cylindrical alloy fiber on GMI under different control parameters. MATLAB was employed to [...] Read more.
In this paper, the giant magneto-impedance (GMI) model of a cylindrical alloy fiber was established by the Maxwell equation and Landau–Lifshitz equation to simulate the influence of physical parameters of cylindrical alloy fiber on GMI under different control parameters. MATLAB was employed to calculate the magneto-impedance of cylindrical fibers and draw its curves. We found that when the anisotropic equivalent field of the fiber changes from 10Oe to 50Oe, the peak position of the GMI ratio also moves from about 10Oe to 50Oe, and the peak value gradually increases from 100% to 300%. The GMI ratio increased rapidly with the decrease in the magnetization damping coefficient. Our findings could further guide the design of supersensitive micro GMI sensors by optimally regulating the magnetic damping coefficient, the angle between the external magnetic field and easy axis and the anisotropic equivalent field of cylindrical alloy fibers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Microscale Metallic Fibers)
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8 pages, 1921 KiB  
Article
Metallic Glassy Hollow Microfibers
by Jing Zhao, Jun Yi, Bo Huang and Gang Wang
Metals 2022, 12(9), 1463; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091463 - 31 Aug 2022
Viewed by 1225
Abstract
Hollow microfibers can be fabricated by using different materials such as metals and glass. The inner diameter of strong, tough, and conductive metallic tubes is on a submillimeter scale while that of quartz glass tubes made by thermoplastic forming can reach 5 nm. [...] Read more.
Hollow microfibers can be fabricated by using different materials such as metals and glass. The inner diameter of strong, tough, and conductive metallic tubes is on a submillimeter scale while that of quartz glass tubes made by thermoplastic forming can reach 5 nm. However, quartz glass tubes are brittle and nonconductive. Metallic glasses (MGs) are strong, tough, conductive, and have a thermoplastic forming ability. Theoretically, such materials can be used to produce strong, tough, and conductive hollow microfibers. Here, we report a method to fabricate MG hollow microfibers via thermoplastic forming bulk Pd43Cu27Ni10P20 MG tubes in their supercooled-liquid region. Uniform and smooth MG hollow microfibers with single and multiple channels were successfully fabricated by this method. Investigation of the heterogeneous microstructure of the fibers revealed their forming mechanism. The hollow microfibers might attract scientific interest and may have engineering applications in areas such as electrochemistry, microelectromechanical devices, medicine, and biology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Microscale Metallic Fibers)
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14 pages, 3958 KiB  
Article
Direct Current Annealing Modulated Ordered Structure to Optimize Tensile Mechanical Properties of Co-Based Amorphous Metallic Microwires
by Congliang Wang, Guanyu Cao, Jingshun Liu, Yun Zhang, Rui Liu, Feng Wang, Mingwei Zhang, Lu Wang and Bo Zhang
Metals 2022, 12(9), 1427; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091427 - 29 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1230
Abstract
Herein, the ordered structure of Co-based metallic microwires was modulated by direct current-annealing, thereby improving the tensile mechanical properties. Based on the thermophysical parameters of the metallic microwires, the annealing current intensities of 65 mA, 90 mA and 150 mA were determined by [...] Read more.
Herein, the ordered structure of Co-based metallic microwires was modulated by direct current-annealing, thereby improving the tensile mechanical properties. Based on the thermophysical parameters of the metallic microwires, the annealing current intensities of 65 mA, 90 mA and 150 mA were determined by the method of numerical calculation. The experimental results indicated that the ordered structure of the metallic microwires was regulated under the action of Joule heating, and with the rising of the annealing current, the ordered structure increased and the distribution tended to be concentrated. The 90 mA current-annealed metallic microwires have favorable tensile mechanical properties and fracture reliability, with the tensile strength and elongation of 4540.10 MPa and 2.99%, respectively, and the fracture threshold is 1910.90 MPa. Both the as-cast and current-annealed metallic microwires were brittle fractures, and the fractures consisted of shear deformation regions and crack extension regions. The improvement of the mechanical properties of metallic microwires is related to the nano-ordered structure and their distribution. Under the condition of 90 mA current annealing, the uniformly distributed nano-ordered structures were formed in the amorphous matrix of the metallic microwires, which can effectively slow down the expansion of the shear bands and reduce the possibility of crack generation. This study provides process reference and theoretical guidance for the application of Co-based metallic microwires in the field of stress sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Microscale Metallic Fibers)
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8 pages, 2179 KiB  
Article
The Magnetocaloric Behaviors of Gd-based Microwire Arrays with Different Curie Temperatures
by Hongxian Shen, Lin Luo, Hillary Belliveau, Sida Jiang, Jingshun Liu, Lunyong Zhang, Yongjiang Huang, Jianfei Sun and Manh-Huong Phan
Metals 2022, 12(9), 1417; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091417 - 27 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1037
Abstract
The desirable table-like magnetocaloric effect (MCE) was obtained by designing a new magnetic bed, which comprises three kinds of Gd-based microwire arrays with different Curie temperatures (TC). The TC interval among these wires is ~10 K. This new magnetic [...] Read more.
The desirable table-like magnetocaloric effect (MCE) was obtained by designing a new magnetic bed, which comprises three kinds of Gd-based microwire arrays with different Curie temperatures (TC). The TC interval among these wires is ~10 K. This new magnetic bed shows a smooth ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition at ~100 K. In addition, a table-like magnetic entropy change (ΔSM) was obtained, ranging from ~92 K to ~107 K, with a maximum entropy change (−ΔSMmax) of 9.42 J/kgK for a field change (μ0ΔH) of 5 T. Notably, the calculated results of −ΔSM(T) corresponded to the experimental data for μ0ΔH = 5 T, suggesting that a microwire array-based magnetic bed with desirable magnetocaloric response can be designed. In addition, it was shown that a larger table-like temperature range and cooling efficiency can be achieved by increasing the interval of TC among microwire arrays. These important findings indicate that the newly designed magnetic bed is very promising for active magnetic cooling technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Microscale Metallic Fibers)
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10 pages, 5020 KiB  
Article
Magnetocaloric Properties of Melt-Extracted Gd-Co-Al Amorphous/Crystalline Composite Fiber
by Fan Chen, Kun Han, Meng Gao, Yan Zhang, Wei Xu, Juntao Huo, Changjiang Zhang, Lijian Song and Jun-Qiang Wang
Metals 2022, 12(8), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12081367 - 18 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1294
Abstract
In this work, a series of Gd-based amorphous/crystalline composite fibers (ANCFs) were prepared by regulating the Gd content in Gd-Co-Al alloys using the melt-extracted method. Compared to the amorphous alloy, the ANCFs display excellent magnetic refrigeration capacity (RC). Among them, Gd [...] Read more.
In this work, a series of Gd-based amorphous/crystalline composite fibers (ANCFs) were prepared by regulating the Gd content in Gd-Co-Al alloys using the melt-extracted method. Compared to the amorphous alloy, the ANCFs display excellent magnetic refrigeration capacity (RC). Among them, Gd85Co5Al10 ANCF had the largest RC (841 J kg−1) and the widest working temperature range (245 K). Compared with Gd70Co10Al20, RC and working temperature range increased by 56% and 119%, respectively. This superior property is attributed to the ideal coupling between the amorphous phase and the crystalline. This result opens a new door to optimize the magnetic refrigeration capacity by controlling the amorphous crystalline composite structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Microscale Metallic Fibers)
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9 pages, 3691 KiB  
Article
Tensile Properties of Melt-Extracted and Annealed Ni/Fe-Based Amorphous Metallic Fibers
by Shuang Su, Yongjiang Huang, Jiapeng Zhang, Lunyong Zhang, Huan Wang, Zhiliang Ning and Jianfei Sun
Metals 2022, 12(6), 918; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12060918 - 27 May 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1407
Abstract
Here, melt-extracted Ni- and Fe-based amorphous metallic fibers (AMFs) were annealed below their glass transition temperatures. The tensile behaviors and microstructures of the melt-extracted and the annealed AMF samples were studied. For melt-extracted Ni- and Fe-based samples, the difference of fracture angles can [...] Read more.
Here, melt-extracted Ni- and Fe-based amorphous metallic fibers (AMFs) were annealed below their glass transition temperatures. The tensile behaviors and microstructures of the melt-extracted and the annealed AMF samples were studied. For melt-extracted Ni- and Fe-based samples, the difference of fracture angles can be attributed to their difference of parameter α in the unified tensile fracture criterion. The revolution in the microstructure and mechanical properties induced by annealing treatment has been interpreted in detail. Prolonging the annealing time or increasing the annealing temperature can lead to an increase in fracture stresses of both Ni- and Fe-based AMFs. It was demonstrated that the increase in the fracture stresses of annealed AMFs is caused by the free volume annihilation in annealing processing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Microscale Metallic Fibers)
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