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Metals
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Mechanical Alloying 2018
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Mechanical Alloying 2018

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2018) | Viewed by 29647

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Chun-Liang Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
Interests: mechanical alloying; oxide dispersion strengthened alloys; high-entropy alloys; high-temperature alloys; nuclear structural materials; friction stir welding
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Materials fabricated using mechanical alloying (MA) make a significant contribution to industrial applications. They represent a highly-diverse and strongly multidisciplinary area, with links to numerous industrial sectors, such as aerospace, energy, construction, automotive, transport, packaging, security, and defense.

Mechanical alloying was selected as the most appropriate processing method to produce oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys that can be used at high temperature and radiation resistance applications. This Special Issue will include all aspects of theory, methods, materials and applications of mechanical alloying. Contributions in the following topics are encouraged:

  • Synthesis and processing in solid-state science and technology: high-energy milling, severe plastic deformation of materials (SPD), reaction milling.
  • New materials/processes: oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys, nanomaterial, nano-composites, and quasi-crystalline phases/materials.
  • Structural characterization: mechanically induced structural changes in materials (point defects, dislocations, clusters, precipitates, grain boundaries), surfaces and interfaces in activated solids.
  • New equipment and procedures: milling equipment based on improved milling dynamics, processing optimization and milling contamination.

Prof. Dr. Chun-Liang Chen
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mechanical alloying
  • oxide dispersion strengthened alloys
  • microstructure
  • nanomaterial
  • nano-composites

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 4692 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Mo and Dispersoids on Microstructure, Sintering Behavior, and Mechanical Properties of W-Mo-Ni-Fe-Co Heavy Tungsten Alloys
by Chun-Liang Chen and Sutrisna
Metals 2019, 9(2), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020111 - 22 Jan 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4129
Abstract
W-Mo-Ni-Fe-Co heavy tungsten alloys were fabricated by mechanical alloying. The effects of Mo and oxide dipsersoids on the characteristics and properties of the model alloys were investigated. In this study, the W-Mo matrix and γ-Ni(Fe,Co) binder phase were further synthesized with Y2 [...] Read more.
W-Mo-Ni-Fe-Co heavy tungsten alloys were fabricated by mechanical alloying. The effects of Mo and oxide dipsersoids on the characteristics and properties of the model alloys were investigated. In this study, the W-Mo matrix and γ-Ni(Fe,Co) binder phase were further synthesized with Y2O3 by a secondary ball milling method. The results suggest that the microstructure and sintering behavior of the model alloys are strongly influenced by the dispersed oxide particles. The model alloys with the Y2O3 addition demonstrate grain refinement and uniform microstructure. The dispersed particles could act as an inhibitor for diffusion of tungsten atoms and grain growth, promoting the formation of solid state during sintering. Consequently, good densification, high hardness, and elastic modulus of alloys can be achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying 2018)
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12 pages, 3499 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Ti-Si Alloys Prepared by Mechanical Alloying and Heat Treatment
by Danny Guzmán, Carolina García, Álvaro Soliz, Rossana Sepúlveda, Claudio Aguilar, Paula Rojas, Iñigo Iturriza and Carmen Luno-Bilbao
Metals 2018, 8(6), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8060417 - 04 Jun 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4838
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the synthesis and electrochemical properties of Ti 2 wt %-Si alloys prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) and heat treatment. The MA process was performed under Ar atmosphere. The structural, morphological, and compositional evolutions during the [...] Read more.
The aim of this work was to study the synthesis and electrochemical properties of Ti 2 wt %-Si alloys prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) and heat treatment. The MA process was performed under Ar atmosphere. The structural, morphological, and compositional evolutions during the milling and subsequent heat treatment were investigated by X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical behavior was evaluated by open circuit potential and linear sweep voltammetry measurements. The results showed that the MA process promotes the formation of a supersaturated α-Ti-Si solid solution. During heat treatment, the Si remaining in the mechanically alloyed powders and the Si from the α-Ti-Si supersaturated solid solution reacted with Ti to form Ti-Si intermetallic compounds. These compounds have a fine and homogeneous distribution in the α-Ti matrix, which cannot be achieved by conventional casting methods. Additionally, the electrochemical evaluations revealed that the mechanically alloyed and heat-treated Ti 2 wt %-Si powders have better corrosion resistance in 1.63 M H2SO4 than the pure Ti and MA Ti-Si samples. This is likely due to the particular microstructure produced during the milling and subsequent heat treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying 2018)
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15 pages, 7060 KiB  
Article
Microstructural Evolution, Thermal Stability and Microhardness of the Nb–Ti–Si-Based Alloy during Mechanical Alloying
by Lijing Zhang and Xiping Guo
Metals 2018, 8(6), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8060403 - 31 May 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3593
Abstract
Amorphization of the Nb–20Ti–15Si–5Cr–3Hf–3Al (at %) alloy is realized by mechanical alloying (MA). The amorphous phase formation and microstructural evolution are investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). During ball milling, the phase constituent of the [...] Read more.
Amorphization of the Nb–20Ti–15Si–5Cr–3Hf–3Al (at %) alloy is realized by mechanical alloying (MA). The amorphous phase formation and microstructural evolution are investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). During ball milling, the phase constituent of the alloy powder exhibits a transition from most supersaturated Nb-based solid solutions (Nbss) and a small amount of amorphous phases (after 20 h of ball milling) to a completely amorphous state (after milling for 40 h), which is accompanied by evolution of the powder morphology from flakes to aggregates and eventually to refined granules. The thermal stability of the milled amorphous powders is studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). With the increase of heating temperature, the distortion energy stored during ball milling is released, followed by a transformation from amorphous phase to Nbss and γ-Nb5Si3 phases. In addition, the Vickers microhardness remarkably increases, as a result of the amorphous phase formation in the matrix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying 2018)
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14 pages, 3445 KiB  
Article
Parametric Effects of Mechanical Alloying on Carbon Nanofiber Catalyst Production in the Ni-Cu System
by Laura Guevara, Roger Welsh and Mark A. Atwater
Metals 2018, 8(4), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040286 - 20 Apr 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3977
Abstract
Mechanical alloying (MA) has been and continues to be thoroughly examined for creating structural materials, but the production of catalysts is relatively rare. This is especially true for catalysts used in the production of carbon nanofibers (CNFs), a versatile material for applications such [...] Read more.
Mechanical alloying (MA) has been and continues to be thoroughly examined for creating structural materials, but the production of catalysts is relatively rare. This is especially true for catalysts used in the production of carbon nanofibers (CNFs), a versatile material for applications such as energy storage, catalyst support, advanced composites and others. The application of MA to create CNFs presents a valuable tool in reducing their cost and complexity, and thereby may increase their commercial potential. In this study, the effects of milling duration on CNF deposition are studied by the complementary methods of X-ray diffraction, compositional mapping, electron microscopy, particle size analysis and surface area analysis. These were used to determine microstructural and macroscale evolution of the catalyst powder and its effects on the kinetics and characteristics of carbon deposition using Ni and Ni 30 at % Cu. The results have important implications for low cost catalyst production and provide general guidance on the development of catalytic materials in miscible systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying 2018)
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13 pages, 8350 KiB  
Article
Effect of Ball Milling Parameters on the Refinement of Tungsten Powder
by Zaoming Wu, Yanxia Liang, Engang Fu, Jinlong Du, Peipei Wang, Yong Fan and Yunbiao Zhao
Metals 2018, 8(4), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040281 - 19 Apr 2018
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6429
Abstract
The high-energy ball milling method was adopted to explore the influence of ball milling parameters, such as milling speed and additive amounts of process control agent (PCA) on tungsten powder. The morphology and microstructure of tungsten powder in the process of refinement were [...] Read more.
The high-energy ball milling method was adopted to explore the influence of ball milling parameters, such as milling speed and additive amounts of process control agent (PCA) on tungsten powder. The morphology and microstructure of tungsten powder in the process of refinement were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), field-emission transmission electron microscope (FE-TEM), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Results revealed that the ball milling process and the refinement of tungsten particle and grain can be largely influenced by these two parameters. The milling efficiency was found to be highest with the milling speed of 700 rpm and additive amounts of 8% PCA. The mechanisms for the effect of these two parameters and milling time on the refinement process were discussed. Nanocrystalline tungsten powder with a particle size and grain size smaller than 100 nm was obtained, and the grain size of 5–15 nm was fabricated successfully under the highest milling efficiency conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying 2018)
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13 pages, 3033 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Alloying and Hot Pressing of Ti-Zr-Si-B Powder Mixtures
by Isadora Rossi Bertoli, Lucas Moreira Ferreira, Bruno Xavier de Freitas, Carlos Angelo Nunes, Alfeu Saraiva Ramos, Marcello Filgueira, Claudinei Dos Santos and Erika Coaglia Trindade Ramos
Metals 2018, 8(2), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8020082 - 23 Jan 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3491
Abstract
This work discusses microstructure evolution during ball milling and hot pressing of Ti-xZr-10Si-5B (x = 2 and 5 at. %) and Ti-xZr-20Si-10B (x = 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 at. %) powder mixtures. Mechanical alloying was [...] Read more.
This work discusses microstructure evolution during ball milling and hot pressing of Ti-xZr-10Si-5B (x = 2 and 5 at. %) and Ti-xZr-20Si-10B (x = 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 at. %) powder mixtures. Mechanical alloying was carried out in a ball mill using stainless steel balls and vials, 300 rpm and a ball-to-powder ratio of 10:1. Powders milled for 600 min were then hot-pressed (25 MPa) under vacuum at 1100 °C for 60 min. As-milled and hot-pressed samples were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Peaks of Si and Zr disappeared in powders milled for 60 and 180 min, respectively, while the lattice parameters and cell volume of α-Ti were varied during ball milling up to 300 min indicating that supersaturated solid solutions were achieved. Ti6Si2B dissolving up to 10 at. % Zr was found in microstructure of hot-pressed Ti-xZr-10Si-5B (x = 2 and 5 at. %) and Ti-xZr-20Si-10B (x = 2, 5, 7 and 10 at. %) alloys. The amount of TiB and Ti5Si3 was preferentially increased whereas the Ti3Si formed in microstructure of the hot-pressed Ti-15Zr-20Si-5B and Ti-20Zr-20Si-10B alloys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying 2018)
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Review

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23 pages, 15174 KiB  
Review
Atomic Order and Submicrostructure in Iron Alloys at Megaplastic Deformation
by Valery Shabashov, Victor Sagaradze, Kirill Kozlov and Yury Ustyugov
Metals 2018, 8(12), 995; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8120995 - 27 Nov 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2616
Abstract
The subject of the present review consists of summing up our previous results on the study of the relaxation of structure along the way (i) of atomic redistribution—in the form of short-range clustering in binary iron alloys—induced by megaplastic deformation (i.e., of super [...] Read more.
The subject of the present review consists of summing up our previous results on the study of the relaxation of structure along the way (i) of atomic redistribution—in the form of short-range clustering in binary iron alloys—induced by megaplastic deformation (i.e., of super large value), and (ii) of the dissolution and precipitation of disperse nitrides and carbides in steels and intermetallics in ageing alloys. Within the capacity of the main method of executing megaplastic deformation, along with the practically important milling in ball mills and friction-providing external action, we employed high pressure torsion (HPT) in Bridgman anvils, which permitted the control of the degree, rate, and temperature of deformation action. At the local level of two nearest neighbors (one or two coordination shells in relation to an iron atom) we studied atomic mass transfer, stipulated by generation of a large number of point defects of deformation origin, and conducted a comparison with a case of irradiation by high-energy electrons. We established a change in the direction of phase transformations, as well as anomalous acceleration of the ordering and precipitation of disperse phases upon altering the temperature (T < 0.3Tmelt) and rate of deformation (from 2 × 10−2 to 8 × 10−2 s−1). We also demonstrated the possibility of regulating the ultra-fine-grained structure with solid–solution strengthening and dispersion hardening. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying 2018)
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