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Metals
Special Issues
Smelting and Solidification Process of Special Steels
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Smelting and Solidification Process of Special Steels

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Metal Casting, Forming and Heat Treatment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2024 | Viewed by 4626

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Hongchun Zhu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
Interests: electrometallurgy; pressure metallurgy; solidification process; special steel, iron and steelmaking

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metal materials need to undergo one or more solidification processes to form the final product, during which microstructure and composition distribution are formed. The microstructure and composition distribution are formed in the solidification process, which to largely determine the choice of subsequent processing means and technology, and have a decisive influence on the performance of the metal. Therefore, the theory of metal solidification is of great significance for the optimization of material performance, and it is the subject of common concern of metallurgical materials discipline.

Pressure has significant effects on physical and chemical properties of metals, heat transfer, grain nucleation and growth, solubility of gases and volatile elements, solidification thermodynamics and kinetics, shrinkage porosity and pore defects. Pressurized metallurgy is a promising special steel smelting method. At the same time, due to the high solidus and liquidus temperatures of steel, especially in the process of pressurized metallurgy, strict technical requirements are put forward for experimental equipment and conditions. Therefore, computer simulation is also widely used to study the pressurized solidification process. We try to provide some new insights into the solidification theory of pressurized metallurgy by experimental methods and calculation methods.

In this Special Issue, we seek to provide a wide set of articles on various aspects of solidification in metallurgical process. It is hoped that this open access special issue will provide a place for anyone to familiarize themselves with the current state of metal solidification. Articles on the solidification process of steelmaking are desired, such as grain nucleation and growth modeling, calculation of heat transfer between ingot and mold interface, modeling of multiphase flow model, motion behavior of inclusion particles by means of the deformable part model (DPM), preparation of new techniques of high-quality special steels based on compression solidification theory and development of new varieties, and so on.

Dr. Hongchun Zhu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • solidification process
  • pressure
  • dendritic structure
  • heat transfer coefficient
  • columnar-to-equiaxed-transition
  • special steels
  • macrosegregation
  • numerical simulation

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 37878 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation on the Electroslag Remelting of High Carbon Martensitic Stainless Steels
by Xingyu Liu, Guotao Zhou, Yangyang Shen, Wei Yan and Jing Li
Metals 2023, 13(3), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030482 - 26 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1287
Abstract
Control of solidification structure and segregation is crucial to improve the service performance of high carbon martensitic stainless steels. Design of the electroslag remelting (ESR) process based on the essential parameters of melting rate, filling ratio, and slag thickness is a precondition to [...] Read more.
Control of solidification structure and segregation is crucial to improve the service performance of high carbon martensitic stainless steels. Design of the electroslag remelting (ESR) process based on the essential parameters of melting rate, filling ratio, and slag thickness is a precondition to achieve optimal control of solidification structure and segregation of the steels. However, there is still a lack of coupled works giving deep insight into the overall effect of the parameters on the expected control. With this background, a 2D numerical model was established to probe into the effect of process parameters. The results showed that: (1) With the increase of melting rate from 90 kg/h to 180 kg/h, the molten metal pool depth increased by about 4 cm. Meanwhile, the center LST, PDAS, and SDAS increased by about 450 s, 100 μm, and 12 μm. The segregation index of C and Cr increased by about 0.15 and 0.09. (2) As the filling ratio increased from 0.16 to 0.43, the depth of the metal pool decreased by about 4.5 cm, LST and SDAS received a slight increase of about 41 s and less than 5 μm, but PDAS had little change. The segregation index of C had an increase of about 0.03, but the segregation index of Cr demonstrated tiny changes. (3) As the slag thickness increased from 0.08 to 0.14 m, the metal pool depth presented a first increase of about 1 cm and then a slight decrease. The center LST, PDAS, and SDAS first increased by 148 s, 30 μm, and 4 μm and then decreased slightly. The changes of the segregation index of C and Cr presented a similar tendency than that of LST, but the changes are extremely small. (4) A low melting rate less than 120 kg/h, a filling ratio of about 0.23–0.33, and a slag thickness of 0.08–0.10 m were appropriate to obtain good performance for ESR of high carbon stainless steels in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smelting and Solidification Process of Special Steels)
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13 pages, 13261 KiB  
Article
Effects of B and Ce Grain Boundary Segregation on Precipitates in Super Austenitic Stainless Steel
by Song Yang, Jinyao Ma, Chao Chen, Caili Zhang, Junyu Ren, Zhouhua Jiang, Guangwei Fan and Peide Han
Metals 2023, 13(2), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020326 - 06 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1591
Abstract
In order to reduce the segregation of Cr and Mo and inhibit the precipitates, we added a small amount of B and Ce to traditional S31254 steel. Using an air-cooling and low-temperature diffusion treatment, the purpose was to control B and Ce at [...] Read more.
In order to reduce the segregation of Cr and Mo and inhibit the precipitates, we added a small amount of B and Ce to traditional S31254 steel. Using an air-cooling and low-temperature diffusion treatment, the purpose was to control B and Ce at the grain boundary. The heat-treatment process could prompt co-segregation of B, precipitate-forming elements, and Ce at the grain boundary at 950 °C. After aging at 950 °C for different amounts of time, the diffusion treatment had an obvious inhibitory effect on the precipitates that caused them to become discontinuous, fine, and serrated. The B-containing serrated precipitates were only rich in Mo, while Cr was homogeneously distributed in the probed volume. A uniform distribution of Cr reduced the Cr-depleted zone in the area adjacent to the phase interface. Ce was observed to be segregated at the grain boundary. This showed that Ce could inhibit the formation of precipitates at the grain boundary. The serrated precipitates had an obvious resistance to intergranular corrosion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smelting and Solidification Process of Special Steels)
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12 pages, 3427 KiB  
Article
Influence of Cooling Rate on Solidification Process Ce-High Mo Austenite Stainless Steel: Nucleation, Growth, and Microstructure Evolution
by Qi Wang, Lijun Wang, Wei Zhang and Kuochih Chou
Metals 2023, 13(2), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020246 - 27 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1370
Abstract
Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of cooling rate on the nucleation, growth and microstructure evolution during the solidification process in Ce containing S31254 high Mo austenite stainless steel (HMASS). In situ observations and in situ quenching tests indicate that the [...] Read more.
Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of cooling rate on the nucleation, growth and microstructure evolution during the solidification process in Ce containing S31254 high Mo austenite stainless steel (HMASS). In situ observations and in situ quenching tests indicate that the Ce effects in this steel are to refine the equiaxed grain and change in the secondary phase from σ to δ, but are mainly suitable for the medium and low cooling rate. The high cooling rate is highly beneficial for austenite nucleation and significantly influence the primary austenite grain growth behavior. The growth velocity for austenite grain is increased with the increase in cooling rate. The morphology of the primary austenite would change from a crescent shape to rod shape with the cooling rate increased from 50 °C/min to 100 °C/min. Rod-shaped grains with high nucleation densities would make primary grains easy to be combined together, which would reduce the ability of the refined grain. Furthermore, a high cooling rate could slightly improve the solute redistribution, while it significantly deteriorated the micro-segregation of Mo in a solidified structure. The main reason is that high cooling rate could worsen the kinetic condition of ferrite precipitation and postpone the precipitation reaction at the end of the solidification process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smelting and Solidification Process of Special Steels)
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