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Wood-Based Materials in Building

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Construction and Building Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 December 2022) | Viewed by 17397

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Radosław Mirski

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Guest Editor

Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
Interests: structural elements; mechanics; glulam beams; engineered wood products; construction; timber evaluation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Dorota Dukarska

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Guest Editor

Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
Interests: wood sciences and technology; wood-based materials; lignocellulosic composites; adhesives; adhesives modification; bio-based adhesives; formaldehyde emission; construction and insulation wood-based materials; PUR foams
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wood is one of the oldest building materials. However, apart from its indisputable advantages, it has numerous disadvantages which limit its use in building construction and in the production of interior design elements. The introduction of modern technological solutions has led to the elimination of the disadvantages of wood and the resulting limitations to its application, through the use of wood-based materials. Their mechanical strength and resistance to moisture—and thus dimensional stability—are often greater than those of the wood from which they are made. In traditional construction, constructional timber components made of solid timber are limited by the dimensions and quality of the raw materials. With new-generation wood-based materials such as engineered wood products (EWPs), it is possible to achieve beam and board dimensions that are not achievable with solid timber. Another important advantage of wood-based materials is the possibility of designing their properties at the production stage, which makes these materials more functional than solid timber. They are increasingly used in timber construction, masonry construction and hybrid construction, which is a compilation of these two technologies. They are used as structural, insulating and auxiliary materials, mainly in the production of interior design elements. New construction systems with a high degree of prefabrication are also based on this type of material. An important advantage of wood-based materials is that lower-quality or small-sized raw materials can be used for their production. All this makes the use of wood-based materials in construction compatible with the idea of sustainable construction, which promotes materials that are as natural as possible and at the same time provide structures with adequate strength, durability and thermal and acoustic comfort. For these reasons, wood-based materials are the subject of numerous studies on the rational use of wood or alternative raw materials; the use of new binding agents in their production; their strength, durability and resistance to biotic and abiotic factors; hygiene; ways of finishing their surfaces and the possibility of producing hybrid materials with their participation.

The aim of this Special Issue is to present current trends and the current state of knowledge in the manufacture and properties of new and innovative wood-based materials for use in the construction industry.

The topics of interest include the following:

Innovative construction with wood-based materials.
Thermal and acoustic insulation materials based on wood and non-wood lignocellulosic raw materials.
The influence of various material and environmental factors on the physical and mechanical properties of constructional wood-based materials.
Formaldehyde and VOC emissions from wood-based materials used in building structures and interior fittings.
Hybrid composite materials based on wood and wood-based materials.
Building systems of wood and wood-based materials.
Wooden joinery.
Fire safety and durability of modern wood-based constructions.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

With kind regards,

Dr. Radosław Mirski
Dr. Dorota Dukarska
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

sustainable construction
building systems
construction wood-based materials
insulation materials
hybrid composite materials
wooden joinery
mechanical properties
thermal properties
durability
hygienic

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

5 pages, 204 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Wood-Based Materials in Building

by Dorota Dukarska and Radosław Mirski

Materials 2023, 16(8), 2987; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16082987 - 09 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1038

Abstract

Wood is a widely used building material [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood-Based Materials in Building)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

15 pages, 2991 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strengthening of Structural Flexural Glued Laminated Beams of Ashlar with Cords and Carbon Laminates

by Agnieszka Wdowiak-Postulak

Materials 2022, 15(23), 8303; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238303 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1503

Abstract

Changes in the condition of existing timber structures can be caused by fatigue or biological attack, among other things. Replacing damaged timber is still very expensive, so it seems more advisable to repair or reinforce damaged elements. Therefore, in order to improve the static performance analysis of timber structures, reinforcement applications in timber elements are necessary. In this experimental study, technical-scale glulam beams measuring 82 × 162 × 3650 mm, which were reinforced with carbon strands and carbon laminates, were tested in flexure. A four-point bending test was used to determine the effectiveness of the reinforcement used in the timber beams. Internal strengthening (namely, glued carbon cords placed into cut grooves in the last and penultimate lamella) and an external surface of near-surface mounted (NSM) carbon laminates glued to the bottom surface of the beam were used to reinforce the laminated ashlar beams. As a result of this study, it was found that the bending-based mechanical properties of ash wood beams reinforced with carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites were better than those of the reference beams. In this work, the beams were analysed in terms of the reinforcement variables used and the results were compared with those for the beams tested without reinforcement. This work proves the good behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP—Carbon fibre reinforced polymer) cords when applied to timber beams and carbon laminates. This study illustrated the different reinforcement mechanisms and showed their structural properties. Compared to the reference samples, it was found that reinforcement with carbon strings or carbon laminates increased the load-bearing capacity, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity, and reduced the amount of displacement of the timber materials, which is an excellent alternative to the use of ashlar and, above all, inferior grade materials due to the current shortage of choice grade. Experimental results showed that, with the use of carbon fibre (carbon cords SikaWrap^® FX-50 C—Sika Poland Sp. z o.o., Warsaw), the load bearing capacity increased by 35.58%, or with carbon cords SikaWrap^® FX-50 C and carbon laminates S&P C-Laminate type HM 50/1.4 - S&P Poland Sp. z o.o., Malbork, by 45.42%, compared to the unreinforced beams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood-Based Materials in Building)

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11 pages, 3238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Finite Element Study on Bending Performance of Glulam-Concrete Composite Beam Reinforced with Timber Board

by Hao Du, Shengnan Yuan, Peiyang Liu, Xiamin Hu and Guohui Han

Materials 2022, 15(22), 7998; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15227998 - 12 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1427

Abstract

In this research, experimental research and finite element modelling of glulam-concrete composite (GCC) beams were undertaken to study the flexural properties of composite beams containing timber board interlayers. The experimental results demonstrated that the failure mechanism of the GCC beam was the combination of bend and tensile failure of the glulam beam. The three-dimensional non linear finite element model was confirmed by comparing the load-deflection curve and load-interface slip curve with the experimental results. Parametric analyses were completed to explore the impacts of the glulam beam height, shear connector spacing, timber board interlayer thickness and concrete slab thickness on the flexural properties of composite beams. The numerical outcomes revealed that with an increase of glulam beam height, the bending bearing capacity and flexural stiffness of the composite beams were significantly improved. The timber boards were placed on top of the glulam members and used as the formwork for concrete slab casting. In addition, the flexural properties of composite beams were improved with the increase of the timber board thickness. With the elevation of the shear connector spacing, the ultimate bearing capacity and bending stiffness of composite beams were decreased. The bending bearing capacity and flexural rigidity of the GCC beams were ameliorated with the increase of concrete slab thickness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood-Based Materials in Building)

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29 pages, 16997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Apex Connection for Light Wood Frame Panelized Roof

by Md Saiful Islam, Ying Hei Chui and Zengtao Chen

Materials 2022, 15(21), 7457; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217457 - 24 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1586

Abstract

Panelized fabrication of light-frame wood buildings has higher productivity than the traditional stick-built method. However, the roof production process is not very efficient due to the structural system and construction method. This study proposes a novel apex connection that allows for a folding mechanism in a panelized light wood frame roof system. Proof of concept of the proposed connection assembly is presented by a 3D printout of the developed connection. Following the steel design code and timber code, the initial estimation of different parameters, such as the pinhole diameter and number screws, were established. A detailed finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to determine the connection strength requirement for different load case scenarios. The results of the FEA and 3D printout of the assembly show that the proposed connection can provide the required folding mechanism before roof installation and can withstand the load in the unfolding state at service. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood-Based Materials in Building)

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24 pages, 14457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of the Load-Carrying Capacity of a Timber Semi-Rigid Dowel-Type Connection

by Marek Johanides, Antonin Lokaj, Pavel Dobes and David Mikolasek

Materials 2022, 15(20), 7222; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207222 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1433

Abstract

The paper deals with the analysis of the load-carrying capacity of a timber semi-rigid connection created from a system of two stands and a rung. The connection was made from glued laminated timber with metal mechanical dowel-type fasteners. Not only a common combination of bolts and dowels, but also fully threaded screws were used for the connection. The aim of the research and its motivation was to replace these commonly used fasteners with more modern ones, to shorten and simplify the assembly time, and to improve the load-carrying capacity of this type of connection. Each of these two types of connections was loaded statically, with a slow increase in force until failure. The paper presents results of the experimental testing. Three specimens were made and tested for each type of the connection. Experimental results were subsequently compared with numerical models. The achieved results were also compared with the assumption according to the currently valid standard. The results indicate that a connection using fully threaded screws provides a better load-carrying capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood-Based Materials in Building)

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9 pages, 6470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Application of Various Bark Species as a Fillers for UF Resin in Plywood Manufacturing

by Joanna Walkiewicz, Jakub Kawalerczyk, Radosław Mirski, Dorota Dziurka and Marek Wieruszewski

Materials 2022, 15(20), 7201; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207201 - 15 Oct 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1425

Abstract

The aim of the presented study was to apply various bark species (birch, beech, maple, pine and spruce) as fillers for urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin in three-layer plywood manufacturing. For this purpose, all types of bark were ground and added to the adhesive mixture. The resultant plywood was subjected to investigations of the following: tensile strength, modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength (MOR) and formaldehyde emission. The results indicate a reduction in the tensile strength. Moreover, the lack of significant improvement in strength parameters can be explained by too high a load of the filler (20 wt%). In the case of formaldehyde emissions, a reduction was observed for birch (B-1), beech (B-2), maple (B-3) and pine bark (B-4). In addition, an increase in the emission of formaldehyde was recorded only for spruce bark. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood-Based Materials in Building)

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11 pages, 1935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Possibility of Using Pine Bark Particles in the Chipboard Manufacturing Process

by Radosław Mirski, Adam Derkowski, Jakub Kawalerczyk, Dorota Dziurka and Joanna Walkiewicz

Materials 2022, 15(16), 5731; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165731 - 19 Aug 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1393

Abstract

This research evaluated the possibility of using sawmill by-products from the roundwood-processing line in the production of wood-based panels. Due to its number of favorable properties, interesting chemical composition and large reserves resulting from the lack of industrial applications, the research focused particularly on the use of bark. Manufactured variants of boards differed in the proportions of wood chips to bark (70:30, 60:40, 50:50). Moreover, the boards containing only wood chips and a mixture of chips and sawdust were used as references. Urea-formaldehyde adhesive mixed with ammonium nitrate as a hardener was applied as a binding agent for the boards. Based on the mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, internal bonding), physical properties (density, thickness swelling, water absorption) and content and emission of formaldehyde, it was found that it is possible to produce boards characterized by good properties from sawmill by-products without advanced processing. Moreover, the use of bark instead of sawdust in order to increase the homogeneity of the cross-section allows one to obtain panels with significantly lower formaldehyde emission and water uptake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood-Based Materials in Building)

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26 pages, 9880 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of the Rotational Stiffness of a Timber Semi-Rigid Dowel-Type Connection

by Marek Johanides, Antonin Lokaj, Pavel Dobes and David Mikolasek

Materials 2022, 15(16), 5622; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165622 - 16 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1476

Abstract

The paper deals with the analysis of the rotational stiffness of a semirigid connection created from a system of two stands and a rung. The connection was made from glued laminated timber with metal mechanical dowel-type fasteners. Not only a common combination of bolts and dowels but also fully threaded screws were used for the connection. The aim of the research and its motivation was to replace commonly used fasteners with more modern ones, to shorten and simplify the assembly time, and to improve the load-carrying capacity of this type of connection. Each of these two types of connection was loaded to the level of 60%, 80%, and 100% of the ultimate limit state value. Subsequently, the rotational stiffness was determined for each load level after five loading and unloading cycles. This paper presents the results and comparison of the experimental testing and the numerical modeling. The obtained results were also compared with the assumption according to the currently valid standard. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood-Based Materials in Building)

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18 pages, 7934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Filled with Sawdust from Primary Wood Processing

by Dorota Dukarska, Joanna Walkiewicz, Adam Derkowski and Radosław Mirski

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5361; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155361 - 04 Aug 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1664

Abstract

In this study, the possibility of using sawdust, a by-product of primary wood processing, as a filler (WF) for rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams was investigated. The effects of the addition of 5, 10, 15 and 20% of WF particles to the polyurethane matrix on the foaming process, cell structure and selected physical-mechanical properties such as density, thermal conductivity, dimensional stability, water absorption, brittleness, compressive and bending strengths were evaluated. Based on the results, it was found that the addition of WF in the amount of up to 10% does not significantly affect the kinetics of the foam foaming process, allowing the reduction of their thermal conductivity, significantly reducing brittleness and maintaining high dimensional stability. On the other hand, such an amount of WF causes a slight decrease in the compressive strength of the foam, a decrease in its bending strength and an increase in water absorption. However, it is important that in spite of the observed decrease in the values of these parameters, the obtained results are satisfactory and consistent with the parameters of insulation materials based on rigid PUR foam, currently available on the market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood-Based Materials in Building)

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9 pages, 794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of the Accelerated Aging Process on the Compressive Strength of Wood Treated with Components of a Salt Fire Retardant

by Wojciech Łukasz Grześkowiak, Marta Molińska-Glura and Marcelina Przybylska

Materials 2022, 15(14), 4931; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15144931 - 15 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1097

Abstract

This paper presents the results of research on the influence of the components of salt flame retardants on the compressive strength of wood depending on the time of accelerated aging. The effect of the agent was assessed on the basis of the change in the strength of treated wood compared to that of untreated wood. In addition, a statistical analysis of the obtained results was used to determine which of the components most significantly affect the changes in the compressive strength of wood along the fibers, and to what extent. It was found that extending the aging process time in the case of control and boric acid-protected samples did not significantly change the strength properties. It has also been found that some compounds contained in fire retardant have an antagonistic effect related to the compressive strength of wood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood-Based Materials in Building)

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19 pages, 16381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calibration and Validation of a Linear-Elastic Numerical Model for Timber Step Joints Based on the Results of Experimental Investigations

by Matthias Braun, Jan Pełczyński, Anna Al Sabouni-Zawadzka and Benjamin Kromoser

Materials 2022, 15(5), 1639; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051639 - 22 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1679

Abstract

The paper is dedicated to the numerical analysis of a single-step joint, enabling the prediction of stiffness and failure modes of both single- and double-step joints. An experimental analysis of the geometrically simplest version, the single-step joint, serves as a reference for the calibration of the subsequent finite element model. The inhomogeneous and anisotropic properties of solid timber make detailed modelling computationally intensive and strongly dependent on the respective specimen. Therefore, the authors present a strategy for simplified but still appropriate modelling for the prediction of local failure at certain load levels. The used mathematical approach is based on the linear elasticity theory and orthotropic material properties. The finite element calculations are performed in the environment of the software Abaqus FEA. The calibrated numerical model shows a good conformity until first failures occur. It allows for a satisfactory quantification of the stiffness of the connection and estimation of the force when local failure begins and is, therefore, recommended for future, non-destructive research of timber connections of various shapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood-Based Materials in Building)

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