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21 pages, 6857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Thermal and Oxidative Aging on Asphalt Binders Rheology and Chemical Composition

by Ingrid Gabrielle do Nascimento Camargo, Bernhard Hofko, Johannes Mirwald and Hinrich Grothe

Materials 2020, 13(19), 4438; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194438 - 06 Oct 2020

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 2638

Abstract

Aging of asphalt binders is one of the main causes of its hardening, which negatively affects the cracking and fatigue resistance of asphalt binders. Understanding asphalt aging is crucial to improve the durability of asphalt pavements. In this regard, this study aims at [...] Read more.

Aging of asphalt binders is one of the main causes of its hardening, which negatively affects the cracking and fatigue resistance of asphalt binders. Understanding asphalt aging is crucial to improve the durability of asphalt pavements. In this regard, this study aims at understanding and differentiating the effect of temperature and oxygen uptake on the aging mechanisms of unmodified asphalt binders. For that, four laboratory aging procedures were employed. The two standardized procedures, rolling thin-film oven test (RTFOT) and pressure aging vessel (PAV), were considered to simulate the short-term and long-term aging of the asphalt binders, respectively. In addition, two thin-film aging test procedures, the nitrogen atmosphere oven aging test (NAAT) and ambient atmosphere oven aging test (OAAT) were employed to assess the effect of thermal and oxidative aging on unmodified asphalt binder properties. The NAAT procedure is based on the principle that the inert gas minimizes the oxidative aging. The rheological and chemical characterization showed that the high temperatures considered during the NAAT procedure did not change the properties of the unmodified asphalt binders. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that no significant thermal and oxidative aging was observed during NAAT aging procedure for the considered binders and that oxidative aging is the main cause for the hardening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials and Technologies for the Urban Roads of the Future)

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17 pages, 4002 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Preliminary Characterisation of Innovative Semi-Flexible Composite Pavement Comprising Geopolymer Grout and Reclaimed Asphalt Planings

by An Thao Huynh, Bryan Magee and David Woodward

Materials 2020, 13(16), 3644; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13163644 - 17 Aug 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3036

Abstract

This article considers semi-flexible composite (SFC) pavement materials made with reclaimed asphalt planings (RAP) and geopolymer cement-based grouts. Geopolymer grouts were developed and used to fill the internal void structure of coarse RAP skeletons with varying levels of porosity. The geopolymer grouts were [...] Read more.

This article considers semi-flexible composite (SFC) pavement materials made with reclaimed asphalt planings (RAP) and geopolymer cement-based grouts. Geopolymer grouts were developed and used to fill the internal void structure of coarse RAP skeletons with varying levels of porosity. The geopolymer grouts were formulated at ambient temperature using industrial by-products to offer economic and environmental savings relative to conventional Portland cement-based grouting systems. They were characterised on flowability, setting time, and compressive strength. The effect of grout and RAP on SFC material performance was evaluated using permeable porosity, compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity. SFC performance was significantly influenced by both grout type and RAP content. Improved performance was associated with mixtures of high-flowability/high-strength grout and low RAP content. A practical limitation was identified for combination of grout with low-flowability/fast-setting time and well-compacted RAP skeletons. Solids content exceeding 49% by volume was not feasible, owing to inadequate grout penetration. A suite of SFC materials was produced offering performance levels for a range of practical pavement applications. Preliminary relationships enabling prediction of SFC elastic modulus based on strength and/or ultrasonic pulse velocity test data are given. A pavement design is given using SFC as a sub-base layer for an industrial hardstanding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials and Technologies for the Urban Roads of the Future)

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14 pages, 3058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recyclability of Asphalt Mixtures with Crumb Rubber Incorporated by Dry Process: A Laboratory Investigation

by Israel Rodríguez-Fernández, Maria Chiara Cavalli, Lily Poulikakos and Moises Bueno

Materials 2020, 13(12), 2870; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13122870 - 26 Jun 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2611

Abstract

Semi-Dense Asphalt (SDA) mixtures are nowadays recommended for the surface layer of low noise roads in urban areas due to their optimal functional characteristics. Moreover, the use of polymer-modified bitumen (PmB) in its design results in high mechanical performance. However, this type of [...] Read more.

Semi-Dense Asphalt (SDA) mixtures are nowadays recommended for the surface layer of low noise roads in urban areas due to their optimal functional characteristics. Moreover, the use of polymer-modified bitumen (PmB) in its design results in high mechanical performance. However, this type of highly modified bitumen implies significant economic and environmental disadvantages. The polymer modification increases the production cost, involves higher mixing temperatures, and makes the recycling process of the asphalt mixtures challenging. As a potential alternative to PmB in SDA mixtures, this experimental work analyses the dry process for the incorporation of crumb rubber (CR) from waste tires. Particularly, the main objective was to study the aging effect and the recyclability of asphalt mixtures prepared in the laboratory with two different types of CR. The volumetric properties and mechanical performance of the mixtures artificially aged and rejuvenated were evaluated. The results obtained show that mixtures with CR have adequate performance, being less susceptible to aging than a conventional polymer-modified mixture. Furthermore, the rheological response of asphalt binder samples recovered from the mixtures at different aging states was analyzed. It was observed that the effect of the rejuvenator depended on the CR type, but this fact did not negatively influence the performance of the recycled mixtures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials and Technologies for the Urban Roads of the Future)

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24 pages, 7252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deicing Concrete Pavements and Roads with Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) as Heating Elements

by Hee Su Kim, Hoki Ban and Won-Jun Park

Materials 2020, 13(11), 2504; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13112504 - 30 May 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2406

Abstract

Existing deicing technologies involving chloride and heating wires have limitations such as reduced durability of roads and surrounding structures, and high labor requirements and maintenance costs. Hence, in this study, we performed indoor experiments, numerical analyses, and field tests to examine the efficiency [...] Read more.

Existing deicing technologies involving chloride and heating wires have limitations such as reduced durability of roads and surrounding structures, and high labor requirements and maintenance costs. Hence, in this study, we performed indoor experiments, numerical analyses, and field tests to examine the efficiency of deicing using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to overcome these limitations. For indoor experiments, a CNT was inserted into the center of a concrete sample and then heated to 60 °C while maintaining the ambient and internal temperatures of the sample at −10 °C using a refrigeration chamber. Numerical analysis considering thermal conductivity was performed based on the indoor experimental results. Using the calculation results, field tests were conducted, and the thermal conduction performance of the heating element was examined. Results showed that the surface temperature between the heating elements exceeded 0 °C. Moreover, we found that the effective heating distance of the heating elements should be 20–30 cm for effective thermal overlap through the indoor experiments. Additionally, the numerical analysis results indicated that the effective heating distance increased to 100 cm when the heating element temperature and experiment time were increased. Field test results showed that 62 cm-deep snow melted between the heating elements (100 cm), thus, verifying the possibility of deicing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials and Technologies for the Urban Roads of the Future)

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12 pages, 3716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Clogging and Unbound Base Layer Properties on Pervious Concrete Drainage Characteristics

by Ivana Barišić, Ivanka Netinger Grubeša, Tihomir Dokšanović and Matija Zvonarić

Materials 2020, 13(11), 2455; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13112455 - 28 May 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2455

Abstract

This paper aims to assess the influence of clogging on paving material (pervious concrete) drainage characteristics as well as the influence of the properties of an unbound base layer on drainage characteristics of the whole paving system. The clogging influence has been studied [...] Read more.

This paper aims to assess the influence of clogging on paving material (pervious concrete) drainage characteristics as well as the influence of the properties of an unbound base layer on drainage characteristics of the whole paving system. The clogging influence has been studied measuring the drainage characteristics on pervious concrete flags before and after their clogging, according to ASTM C1701-09. Additionally, the drainage characteristics of uncontaminated pervious concrete as a paving material was assessed using the falling head method. To assess the influence of properties of an unbound base course (UBC) on drainage characteristics of the whole paving system, the unbound base layer was compacted in two different levels of compaction and the drainage characteristics were measured (according to ASTM C1701-09). It is concluded that pervious concrete prepared with a smaller aggregate fraction is more prone to clogging. Regarding the influence of UBC, it is important to find a balance between pervious concrete infiltration and UBC exfiltration rate, particularly in a case of pervious concrete flags made of coarse aggregate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials and Technologies for the Urban Roads of the Future)

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27 pages, 5905 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Synthetic Fibers and Hydrated Lime in Porous Asphalt Mixture Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques

by Carlos J. Slebi-Acevedo, Pedro Lastra-González, Miguel A. Calzada-Pérez and Daniel Castro-Fresno

Materials 2020, 13(3), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030675 - 03 Feb 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2558

Abstract

Porous asphalt is a type of mixture characterized by having high air void percentages that offers multiple benefits when used in wearing courses in terms of driving safety, water flow management, and noise reduction. However, the durability of porous asphalt (PA) mixtures is [...] Read more.

Porous asphalt is a type of mixture characterized by having high air void percentages that offers multiple benefits when used in wearing courses in terms of driving safety, water flow management, and noise reduction. However, the durability of porous asphalt (PA) mixtures is significantly shorter when compared to dense-graded asphalt mixtures. This study investigated the impact of polyolefin–aramid fibers and hydrated lime in the functional and mechanical performance of porous asphalt mixtures. A parametric study based on the concept of design of experiments was carried out through the Taguchi methodology. Accordingly, an experimental design was conducted based on the L18 full factorial orthogonal array. Three control factors—fiber content, binder content, and filler type—were included at various levels, and multiple responses including total air voids, interconnected air voids, particle loss in dry conditions, particle loss in wet conditions, and binder drainage were assessed experimentally. Signal-to-noise ratios were calculated to determine the optimal solution levels for each control factor for the multiple responses. In the second phase of the research, multi-criteria decision-making techniques—namely, criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation and weighted aggregated sum product assessment—were used to transform the multiple-response optimization problem into a single-unique optimization problem and to elaborate a preference ranking among all the mixture designs. The most significant levels for acquiring the optimum overall response value were found to be 0.05% for fiber content and 5.00% for binder content and mixed filler with hydrated lime. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials and Technologies for the Urban Roads of the Future)

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15 pages, 3402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Alternative Fillers on the Adhesive Properties of Mastics Fabricated with Red Mud

by Mayara S. Siverio Lima, Liseane P. Thives, Viktors Haritonovs and Florian Gschösser

Materials 2020, 13(2), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020484 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2783

Abstract

The adhesion between bitumen and aggregates strongly influences the lifetime of pavements. To improve adhesiveness, the road construction industry has been using additives to alter the interfacial energy and improve the affinity of materials in the presence of water. However, the water sensitivity [...] Read more.

The adhesion between bitumen and aggregates strongly influences the lifetime of pavements. To improve adhesiveness, the road construction industry has been using additives to alter the interfacial energy and improve the affinity of materials in the presence of water. However, the water sensitivity varies according to the mixture design, since the interaction may occur differently depending on the materials chosen. As the use of alternative materials is increasing in road constructions, further analysis of its affinity with aggregates and bitumen is necessary. In that sense, this study evaluates the adhesion performance of mastics mixed with traditional fillers, such as limestone and dolomite, and residues, such as fly ash and red mud. To assess possible interactions with the red mud, the fillers are mixed in distinct percentages and tested for adhesiveness, wettability, penetration, and softening point. The results show the importance of hydrophilicity, asphalt viscosity, and physical–chemical properties to define adhesive interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials and Technologies for the Urban Roads of the Future)

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24 pages, 4558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Response Optimization of Porous Asphalt Mixtures Reinforced with Aramid and Polyolefin Fibers Employing the CRITIC-TOPSIS Based on Taguchi Methodology

by Carlos J. Slebi-Acevedo, Pablo Pascual-Muñoz, Pedro Lastra-González and Daniel Castro-Fresno

Materials 2019, 12(22), 3789; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12223789 - 18 Nov 2019

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 2724

Abstract

For the optimum design of a Porous Asphalt (PA) mixture, different requirements in terms of functionality and durability have to be fulfilled. In this research, the influence of different control factors such as binder type, fiber content, and binder content were statistically investigated [...] Read more.

For the optimum design of a Porous Asphalt (PA) mixture, different requirements in terms of functionality and durability have to be fulfilled. In this research, the influence of different control factors such as binder type, fiber content, and binder content were statistically investigated in terms of multiple responses such as total air voids, interconnected air voids, particle loss in dry conditions, particle loss in wet conditions, and binder drainage. The experiments were conducted based on a Taguchi L18 orthogonal array. The best parametric combination per each response was analyzed through signal to noise ratio values. Multiple regression models were employed to predict the responses of the experiments. As more than one response is obtained, a multi-objective optimization was performed by employing Criteria Importance through Criteria Inter-Correlation (CRITIC) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methodologies. The weights for the selection of the functional and mechanical performance criteria were derived from the CRITIC approach, whereas the ranking of the different experiments was obtained through the TOPSIS technique. According to the CRITIC-TOPSIS based Taguchi methodology, the optimal multiple-response was obtained for a polymer modified binder (PMB) with fiber and binder contents of 0.15% and 5.0%, respectively. In addition, good results were obtained when using a conventional 50/70 penetration grade binder with a 5.0% binder content and 0.05% fiber content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials and Technologies for the Urban Roads of the Future)

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16 pages, 1510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proposal of a New Porous Concrete Dosage Methodology for Pavements

by Eduardo Javier Elizondo-Martinez, Valerio Carlos Andres-Valeri, Jorge Rodriguez-Hernandez and Daniel Castro-Fresno

Materials 2019, 12(19), 3100; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193100 - 23 Sep 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2754

Abstract

Although porous concrete pavement design methods are mainly focused on maintaining high permeability rates in order to improve their ability to manage stormwater runoff, the mixture strength is paramount for its durability and service life. This paper proposes a new mixture design method [...] Read more.

Although porous concrete pavement design methods are mainly focused on maintaining high permeability rates in order to improve their ability to manage stormwater runoff, the mixture strength is paramount for its durability and service life. This paper proposes a new mixture design method for porous concrete, named PCD (porous concrete design), derived from the ACI 522R-10 and ACI 211.3R-02 standards. The aim is to improve mechanical strength in porous concrete mixtures, while ensuring enough permeability for its use in urban roads. With PCD methodology it is possible to obtain mechanical strengths 30% higher than those produced with ACI methodologies, while maintaining permeability rates close to 2 cm/s, lower than those obtained with ACI methods but still enough to manage extreme storm events. Finally, with the analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) multi-criteria decision-making methodology and also bearing in mind safety variables, the best porous concrete mixtures are the ones produced with PCD methodology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials and Technologies for the Urban Roads of the Future)

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Review

Jump to: Research

29 pages, 2491 KiB

Open AccessReview

Quarry Waste as Precursors in Geopolymers for Civil Engineering Applications: A Decade in Review

by Abbas Solouki, Giovanni Viscomi, Riccardo Lamperti and Piergiorgio Tataranni

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3146; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143146 - 15 Jul 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4458

Abstract

Carbon footprint reduction of paving materials could be explored through recycling mining by-products into different applications, which will preserve natural resources and decrease environmental issues. One possible approach is to reuse quarry dust and mining ore waste as precursors in geopolymer applications. geopolymers [...] Read more.

Carbon footprint reduction of paving materials could be explored through recycling mining by-products into different applications, which will preserve natural resources and decrease environmental issues. One possible approach is to reuse quarry dust and mining ore waste as precursors in geopolymer applications. geopolymers are mineral polymers rich in aluminosilicates with an amorphous to a semi-crystalline three-dimensional structure. The current review aims to summarize the studies conducted during the past decade on geopolymers containing quarry dust and mine tailings. The first section discusses various precursors used for geopolymer cement production such as metakaolin, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), fly ash, and quarry/mining ore wastes including silt, tungsten, vanadium, copper, gold, zinc, marble, iron, basalt, and lithium. Different calcination treatments and curing conditions have been summarized. In some cases, the precursors are required to be calcined to increase their reactivity. Both ambient temperature and elevated temperature curing conditions have been summarized. Less attention has been paid to room temperature curing, which is necessary for field and industrial implementations. Engineering properties such as compressive strength, density, durability and acid resistance, water absorption and abrasion of geopolymers containing mining waste were reviewed. One of the main barriers preventing the widespread use of waste powders, in addition to economic aspects, in geopolymers could be due to their unstable chemical structure. This was shown through extensive leachate of Na⁺ or K⁺ cations in geopolymer structures. The review of over 100 articles indicated the need for further research on different aspects of quarry waste geopolymer productions before its full industrial implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials and Technologies for the Urban Roads of the Future)

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20 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessReview

Incorporation of Additives and Fibers in Porous Asphalt Mixtures: A Review

by Anik Gupta, Jorge Rodriguez-Hernandez and Daniel Castro-Fresno

Materials 2019, 12(19), 3156; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193156 - 27 Sep 2019

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 5095

Abstract

Despite the numerous benefits for preserving the hydrological cycle, permeable pavement systems (PPSs) found their major application in parking spots and for light traffic scenarios due to their limited durability and strength. To make the PPSs suitable for heavy traffic conditions without significant [...] Read more.

Despite the numerous benefits for preserving the hydrological cycle, permeable pavement systems (PPSs) found their major application in parking spots and for light traffic scenarios due to their limited durability and strength. To make the PPSs suitable for heavy traffic conditions without significant distresses, research is shifting toward the adoption of novel binders and additives for designing multifunctional porous asphalt mixtures which make up the surface course of PPSs. Certain additives are well known for enhancing the durability of dense graded asphalt mixtures and improving fatigue and rutting resistance. However, the studies on the influence of additives on abrasion resistance and binder draindown, which are the common problems in porous asphalt mixtures (PAMs), are still not well established. This paper summarizes best practices performed on PAMs and recommends possible future research directions for its improvement. Particular emphasis is placed on strength and resilience of PAMs by incorporating additives like nanosilica, crumb rubber, warm-mix additives, fibers (such as cellulose, glass, steel, and synthetic fibers), and some eco-friendly materials. It was found that different additives seem to have different effects on the properties of PAMs. Moreover, the combination of additives has synergistic benefits for the performance of PAMs, especially in urban pavements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials and Technologies for the Urban Roads of the Future)

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