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Microwave Processing of Materials

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Manufacturing Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2013) | Viewed by 48074

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Dinesh Agrawal

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, TX, USA
Interests: microwave processing of ceramics; composites; metals; low-thermal-expansion materials; ceramic processing; rad-waste management
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The “Materials” Journal’s special issue on “Microwave Processing of Materials”invites the original research articles and comprehensive reviews on the latest developments in the application of microwave energy in materials processing. Microwave processing of materials is emerging as an innovative technology for future, applicable to many diverse fields and variety of materials. This issue will focus especially on ceramics, metals, composites, biomaterials, and nanomaterials. However, manuscripts on other fields related to the application of microwaves in chemistry, waste processing and alternative and unconventional energy sources will also be considered. The volume will address the details of synthesis and processing, characterization, commercialization, equipment design and modeling, and theories of microwave energy-matter interactions to explain the results.

Prof. Dr. Dinesh Agrawal
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • microwave energy
  • ceramics
  • steel
  • nanomaterials
  • microwave theories and modeling
  • synthesis
  • sintering

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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846 KiB  
Article
Equivalent Electromagnetic Constants for Microwave Application to Composite Materials for the Multi-Scale Problem
by Keisuke Fujisaki and Tomoyuki Ikeda
Materials 2013, 6(11), 5367-5381; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115367 - 21 Nov 2013
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4401
Abstract
To connect different scale models in the multi-scale problem of microwave use, equivalent material constants were researched numerically by a three-dimensional electromagnetic field, taking into account eddy current and displacement current. A volume averaged method and a standing wave method were used to [...] Read more.
To connect different scale models in the multi-scale problem of microwave use, equivalent material constants were researched numerically by a three-dimensional electromagnetic field, taking into account eddy current and displacement current. A volume averaged method and a standing wave method were used to introduce the equivalent material constants; water particles and aluminum particles are used as composite materials. Consumed electrical power is used for the evaluation. Water particles have the same equivalent material constants for both methods; the same electrical power is obtained for both the precise model (micro-model) and the homogeneous model (macro-model). However, aluminum particles have dissimilar equivalent material constants for both methods; different electric power is obtained for both models. The varying electromagnetic phenomena are derived from the expression of eddy current. For small electrical conductivity such as water, the macro-current which flows in the macro-model and the micro-current which flows in the micro-model express the same electromagnetic phenomena. However, for large electrical conductivity such as aluminum, the macro-current and micro-current express different electromagnetic phenomena. The eddy current which is observed in the micro-model is not expressed by the macro-model. Therefore, the equivalent material constant derived from the volume averaged method and the standing wave method is applicable to water with a small electrical conductivity, although not applicable to aluminum with a large electrical conductivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Processing of Materials)
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522 KiB  
Article
Vanadium Pentoxide-Based Composite Synthesized Using Microwave Water Plasma for Cathode Material in Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries
by Masashi Inamoto, Hideki Kurihara and Tatsuhiko Yajima
Materials 2013, 6(10), 4514-4522; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6104514 - 11 Oct 2013
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6633
Abstract
Multivalent cation rechargeable batteries are expected to perform well as high-capacity storage devices. Rechargeable magnesium batteries have an advantage in terms of resource utilization and safety. Here, we report on sulfur-doped vanadium pentoxide (S-V2O5) as a potential material for [...] Read more.
Multivalent cation rechargeable batteries are expected to perform well as high-capacity storage devices. Rechargeable magnesium batteries have an advantage in terms of resource utilization and safety. Here, we report on sulfur-doped vanadium pentoxide (S-V2O5) as a potential material for the cathodes of such a battery; S-V2O5 showed a specific capacity of 300 mAh·g−1. S-V2O5 was prepared by a method using a low-temperature plasma generated by carbon felt and a 2.45 GHz microwave generator. This study investigates the ability of S-V2O5 to achieve high capacity when added to metal oxide. The highest recorded capacity (420 mAh·g−1) was reached with MnO2 added to composite SMn-V2O5, which has a higher proportion of included sulfur than found in S-V2O5. Results from transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Micro-Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy show that the bulk of the SMn-V2O5 was the orthorhombic V2O5 structure; the surface was a xerogel-like V2O5 and a solid solution of MnO2 and sulfur. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Processing of Materials)
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3442 KiB  
Article
Observations of Ball-Lightning-Like Plasmoids Ejected from Silicon by Localized Microwaves
by Yehuda Meir, Eli Jerby, Zahava Barkay, Dana Ashkenazi, James Brian Mitchell, Theyencheri Narayanan, Noam Eliaz, Jean-Luc LeGarrec, Michael Sztucki and Oleg Meshcheryakov
Materials 2013, 6(9), 4011-4030; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6094011 - 11 Sep 2013
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 9513
Abstract
This paper presents experimental characterization of plasmoids (fireballs) obtained by directing localized microwave power (<1 kW at 2.45 GHz) onto a silicon-based substrate in a microwave cavity. The plasmoid emerges up from the hotspot created in the solid substrate into the air within [...] Read more.
This paper presents experimental characterization of plasmoids (fireballs) obtained by directing localized microwave power (<1 kW at 2.45 GHz) onto a silicon-based substrate in a microwave cavity. The plasmoid emerges up from the hotspot created in the solid substrate into the air within the microwave cavity. The experimental diagnostics employed for the fireball characterization in this study include measurements of microwave scattering, optical spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Various characteristics of these plasmoids as dusty plasma are drawn by a theoretical analysis of the experimental observations. Aggregations of dust particles within the plasmoid are detected at nanometer and micrometer scales by both in-situ SAXS and ex-situ SEM measurements. The resemblance of these plasmoids to the natural ball-lightning (BL) phenomenon is discussed with regard to silicon nano-particle clustering and formation of slowly-oxidized silicon micro-spheres within the BL. Potential applications and practical derivatives of this study (e.g., direct conversion of solids to powders, material identification by breakdown spectroscopy (MIBS), thermite ignition, and combustion) are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Processing of Materials)
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2728 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Boron Nitride Reinforced Magnesium Composites Produced by the Microwave Sintering Method
by Sankaranarayanan Seetharaman, Jayalakshmi Subramanian, Khin Sandar Tun, Abdelmagid S. Hamouda and Manoj Gupta
Materials 2013, 6(5), 1940-1955; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6051940 - 10 May 2013
Cited by 64 | Viewed by 7403
Abstract
In this study, magnesium composites with nano-size boron nitride (BN) particulates of varying contents were synthesized using the powder metallurgy (PM) technique incorporating microwave-assisted two-directional sintering followed by hot extrusion. The effect of nano-BN addition on the microstructural and the mechanical behavior of [...] Read more.
In this study, magnesium composites with nano-size boron nitride (BN) particulates of varying contents were synthesized using the powder metallurgy (PM) technique incorporating microwave-assisted two-directional sintering followed by hot extrusion. The effect of nano-BN addition on the microstructural and the mechanical behavior of the developed Mg/BN composites were studied in comparison with pure Mg using the structure-property correlation. Microstructural characterization revealed uniform distribution of nano-BN particulates and marginal grain refinement. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) value of the magnesium matrix was improved with the addition of nano-sized BN particulates. The results of XRD studies indicate basal texture weakening with an increase in nano-BN addition. The composites showed improved mechanical properties measured under micro-indentation, tension and compression loading. While the tensile yield strength improvement was marginal, a significant increase in compressive yield strength was observed. This resulted in the reduction of tension-compression yield asymmetry and can be attributed to the weakening of the strong basal texture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Processing of Materials)
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2065 KiB  
Article
Tensile and Compressive Responses of Ceramic and Metallic Nanoparticle Reinforced Mg Composites
by Khin Sandar Tun, Wai Leong Eugene Wong, Quy Bau Nguyen and Manoj Gupta
Materials 2013, 6(5), 1826-1839; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6051826 - 07 May 2013
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5893
Abstract
In the present study, room temperature mechanical properties of pure magnesium, Mg/ZrO2 and Mg/(ZrO2 + Cu) composites with various compositions are investigated. Results revealed that the use of hybrid (ZrO2 + Cu) reinforcements in Mg led to enhanced mechanical properties [...] Read more.
In the present study, room temperature mechanical properties of pure magnesium, Mg/ZrO2 and Mg/(ZrO2 + Cu) composites with various compositions are investigated. Results revealed that the use of hybrid (ZrO2 + Cu) reinforcements in Mg led to enhanced mechanical properties when compared to that of single reinforcement (ZrO2). Marginal reduction in mechanical properties of Mg/ZrO2 composites were observed mainly due to clustering of ZrO2 particles in Mg matrix and lack of matrix grain refinement. Addition of hybrid reinforcements led to grain size reduction and uniform distribution of hybrid reinforcements, globally and locally, in the hybrid composites. Macro- and micro- hardness, tensile strengths and compressive strengths were all significantly increased in the hybrid composites. With respect to unreinforced magnesium, failure strain was almost unchanged under tensile loading while it was reduced under compressive loading for both Mg/ZrO2 and Mg/(ZrO2 + Cu) composites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Processing of Materials)
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1217 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Microwave Absorption Properties of α-Fe2O3-Filled Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Nanorods
by Yiming Wang, Liuding Wang and Hongjing Wu
Materials 2013, 6(4), 1520-1529; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6041520 - 15 Apr 2013
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 6526
Abstract
A novel kind of α-Fe2O3-filled ordered mesoporous carbon nanorods has been synthesized by a facial hydrothermal method. Compared with dendritic α-Fe2O3 micropines, both a broader effective absorption range—from 10.5 GHz to 16.5 GHz with reflection loss [...] Read more.
A novel kind of α-Fe2O3-filled ordered mesoporous carbon nanorods has been synthesized by a facial hydrothermal method. Compared with dendritic α-Fe2O3 micropines, both a broader effective absorption range—from 10.5 GHz to 16.5 GHz with reflection loss (RL) less than −10 dB—and a thinner matching thickness of 2.0 mm have been achieved in the frequency range 2–18 GHz. The enhanced microwave absorption properties evaluated by the RL are attributed to the enhanced dielectric loss resulting from the intrinsic physical properties and special structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Processing of Materials)
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Other

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393 KiB  
Case Report
Optimization of Microwave-Based Heating of Cellulosic Biomass Using Taguchi Method
by Kuo-Hsiung Tseng, Yong-Fong Shiao, Ruey-Fong Chang and Yu-Ting Yeh
Materials 2013, 6(8), 3404-3419; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6083404 - 09 Aug 2013
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6674
Abstract
This study discusses the application of microwave-based heating for the pretreatment of biomass material, with Pennisetum purpureum selected for pretreatment. The Taguchi method was used to plan optimization experiments for the pretreatment parameter levels, and to measure the dynamic responses. With a low [...] Read more.
This study discusses the application of microwave-based heating for the pretreatment of biomass material, with Pennisetum purpureum selected for pretreatment. The Taguchi method was used to plan optimization experiments for the pretreatment parameter levels, and to measure the dynamic responses. With a low number of experiments, this study analyzed and determined a parameter combination in which Pennisetum purpureum can be rapidly heated to 190 °C. The experimental results suggested that the optimal parameter combination is: vessel capacity of 150 mL (level 2), heating power of 0.5 kW (level 1), and mass of Pennisetum purpureum of 5 g (level 1). The mass of Pennisetum purpureum is a key factor affecting system performance. An eight-order ARX model (Auto-Regressive eXogeneous) was representative of the actual system performance, and the fit was 99.13%. The results proved that microwave-based heating, with the assistance of the Taguchi method for pretreatment of the biomass material, can reduce the parameter combination variations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Processing of Materials)
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