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Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials (Second Volume)
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Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials (Second Volume)

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 March 2024) | Viewed by 5867

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Laia Haurie

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Architectural Technology, Barcelona School of Building Construction (EPSEB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), Av. Doctor Marañon 44, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: fire reaction and fire resistance of building materials; bio-based materials; flame retardancy of wood and lignocellulosic materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Vera Realinho

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Industrial, Aerospace and Audiovisual Engineering (ESEIAAT), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), Terrassa Campus, Building TR5. C. Colom 11, E-08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
Interests: polymer clay nanocomposites; nanocomposite foams; multifunctional materials; flame retardancy of polymers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Flame retardants have been developed and widely used to reduce the inherent high flammability of synthetic and/or natural-based polymers. They play an important role in the fire performance of such materials used in a broad range of applications, such as in textiles, coatings, foams, civil infrastructures, and electronic and electric devices, among others.

The development of novel efficient and environmentally-friendly flame-retardant additives that can promote an optimal fire and mechanical performances has attracted a great deal of interest in recent years. For that, different approaches such as flame retardants’ surface functionalization and/or micro-encapsulation, polymers’ chemical modification, polymer blends, and/or the use of compatibilizers have been employed. Despite the great progress achieved of late, further research on the development of novel flame-retardant polymers and biopolymers, new strategies for flame retardancy, and the development of new green flame retardants with high performances and environmental sustainability is continually underway.

This Special Issue, entitled “Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials” aims to provide an excellent opportunity to publish your latest advances in these research fields. Full papers, review articles, and communications are all welcome.

Dr. Laia Haurie
Dr. Vera Realinho
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • bio-based flame retardants
  • green flame retardants
  • smoke and toxicity
  • environmental impact and sustainability
  • fire retardant mechanisms
  • compatibility and mechanical properties
  • fire reaction
  • fire resistance
  • fire testing
  • flame retarded polymers
  • bio-based polymers

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 4217 KiB  
Article
The Components’ Roles in Thermal Stability and Flammability of Cork Powder
by Farnaz Ghonjizade-Samani, Laia Haurie, Ramón Malet and Vera Realinho
Materials 2023, 16(10), 3829; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16103829 - 18 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1189
Abstract
In this study, an analysis of the influence of extractives, suberin and lignocellulosic components on the pyrolysis decomposition and fire reaction mechanisms of a cork oak powder from Quercus suber L. is presented. The summative chemical composition of cork powder was determined. Suberin [...] Read more.
In this study, an analysis of the influence of extractives, suberin and lignocellulosic components on the pyrolysis decomposition and fire reaction mechanisms of a cork oak powder from Quercus suber L. is presented. The summative chemical composition of cork powder was determined. Suberin was the main component at 40% of the total weight, followed by 24% of lignin, 19% of polysaccharides and 14% of extractives. The absorbance peaks of cork and its individual components were further analyzed by means of ATR-FTIR spectrometry. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the removal of extractives from cork slightly increased the thermal stability between 200 °C and 300 °C and led to the formation of a more thermally stable residue at the end of the cork decomposition. Moreover, by removing suberin, a shift of the onset decomposition temperature to a lower temperature was noticed, indicating that suberin plays a major role in enhancing the thermal stability of cork. Furthermore, non-polar extractives showed the highest flammability with a peak of heat release rate (pHRR) of 365 W/g analyzed by means of micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC). Above 300 °C, the heat release rate (HRR) of suberin was lower than that of polysaccharides or lignin. However, below that temperature it released more flammable gases with a pHRR of 180 W/g, without significant charring ability, contrary to the mentioned components that showed lower HRR due to their prominent condensed mode of action that slowed down the mass and heat transfer processes during the combustion process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials (Second Volume))
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27 pages, 4135 KiB  
Article
Comparing the Properties of Bio-Polyols Based on White Mustard (Sinapis alba) Oil Containing Boron and Sulfur Atoms Obtained by Various Methods and Checking Their Influence on the Flammability of Rigid Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Foams
by Marcin Borowicz, Marek Isbrandt, Joanna Paciorek-Sadowska and Paweł Sander
Materials 2023, 16(9), 3401; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093401 - 26 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1580
Abstract
The article compares the properties of bio-polyols obtained from white mustard (Sinapis alba) seed oil, which contain boron and sulfur atoms. Each of the bio-polyols was prepared by a different method of testing the efficiency of the incorporation of boron and [...] Read more.
The article compares the properties of bio-polyols obtained from white mustard (Sinapis alba) seed oil, which contain boron and sulfur atoms. Each of the bio-polyols was prepared by a different method of testing the efficiency of the incorporation of boron and sulfur atoms. All synthesis methods were based on the epoxidation of unsaturated bonds followed by the opening of epoxy rings by compounds containing heteroatoms. Two of the bio-polyols were subjected to additional esterification reactions of hydroxyl groups with boric acid or its ester. Three new bio-polyols were obtained as a result of the performed syntheses. The synthesized compounds were subjected to detailed physicochemical (physical state, color, smell, density, viscosity and pH), analytical (hydroxyl number, acid number, water content, content of C, H, N, S, O, B elements and GPC analysis), spectroscopic (FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR) and thermal (DSC) tests. The obtained results allowed for a detailed characterization of the synthesized bio-polyol raw materials. Their suitability for obtaining polyurethane materials was also determined. The synthesized compounds have been found to be an interesting alternative to petrochemical polyols. The influence of the synthesized compounds on the flammability of polyurethane materials was tested experimentally. On the basis of this testing, a number of rigid polyurethane/polyisocyanurate foams were obtained, which were then subjected to flammability tests with the methods of horizontal and vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and using the cone calorimeter. Based on this research, it was found that the presence of sulfur and boron heteroatoms reduced the flammability of polyurethane materials based on synthesized bio-polyols. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials (Second Volume))
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22 pages, 8780 KiB  
Article
Effective Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant Additives for Crosslinked Rigid Polyisocyanurate Foams: Comparison of Chemical Structures
by Johannes U. Lenz, Doris Pospiech, Hartmut Komber, Andreas Korwitz, Oliver Kobsch, Maxime Paven, Rolf W. Albach, Martin Günther and Bernhard Schartel
Materials 2023, 16(1), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010172 - 24 Dec 2022
Viewed by 2294
Abstract
The impact of phosphorus-containing flame retardants (FR) on rigid polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams is studied by systematic variation of the chemical structure of the FR, including non-NCO-reactive and NCO-reactive dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide (BPPO)- and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-containing compounds, among them a number of compounds not reported [...] Read more.
The impact of phosphorus-containing flame retardants (FR) on rigid polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams is studied by systematic variation of the chemical structure of the FR, including non-NCO-reactive and NCO-reactive dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide (BPPO)- and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-containing compounds, among them a number of compounds not reported so far. These PIR foams are compared with PIR foams without FR and with standard FRs with respect to foam properties, thermal decomposition, and fire behavior. Although BPPO and DOPO differ by just one oxygen atom, the impact on the FR properties is very significant: when the FR is a filler or a dangling (dead) end in the PIR polymer network, DOPO is more effective than BPPO. When the FR is a subunit of a diol and it is fully incorporated in the PIR network, BPPO delivers superior results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials (Second Volume))
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Review

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24 pages, 6352 KiB  
Review
Exploiting Waste towards More Sustainable Flame-Retardant Solutions for Polymers: A Review
by De-Xin Ma, Guang-Zhong Yin, Wen Ye, Yan Jiang, Na Wang and De-Yi Wang
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2266; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102266 - 11 May 2024
Viewed by 197
Abstract
The development of sustainable flame retardants is gaining momentum due to their enhanced safety attributes and environmental compatibility. One effective strategy is to use waste materials as a primary source of chemical components, which can help mitigate environmental issues associated with traditional flame [...] Read more.
The development of sustainable flame retardants is gaining momentum due to their enhanced safety attributes and environmental compatibility. One effective strategy is to use waste materials as a primary source of chemical components, which can help mitigate environmental issues associated with traditional flame retardants. This paper reviews recent research in flame retardancy for waste flame retardants, categorizing them based on waste types like industrial, food, and plant waste. The paper focuses on recent advancements in this area, focusing on their impact on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties of polymeric materials. The study also provides a summary of functionalization methodologies used and key factors involved in modifying polymer systems. Finally, their major challenges and prospects for the future are identified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials (Second Volume))
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