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Surface Modification of Metallic Materials
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Surface Modification of Metallic Materials

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2021) | Viewed by 14141

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Carla Martini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Interests: tribology; coatings; surface treatments; metallurgy
Dr. Ramona Sola

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CIRI-MAM, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Interests: metallurgy; heat treatment; tribology; surface modifications

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The increasing demand for high performance, increased lifetime, and reliability, as well as high energy efficiency and low environmental impact of metal-based engineering components has been fueling the growth of surface modification technologies in the last few decades. While many overlay coatings and surface treatments for metallic materials are in commercial use, other emerging technologies and coating systems are still in the research and development stage, aiming to achieve tailored surface properties for applications in different fields: aerospace, automotive/motorsport, energy generation, storage and management, biomedical and orthopedic implants, and robotics and automation. Another powerful driver for the development of new surface modification technologies is the transition towards a more sustainable use of energy sources and raw materials.

Therefore, in the Special Issue on “Surface Modification of Metallic Materials”, we will bring together a collection of works highlighting recent achievements on coatings and surface treatments for metallic materials, with a special focus on friction and wear control.

The Special Issue will mostly cover the following topics:

  • Thermochemical treatments (carburizing, nitriding, nitrocarburising, etc.);
  • Laser beam surface modification;
  • Conversion coatings;
  • Overlay coatings (PVD, CVD, ALD, electrolytic and electroless plating, thermal and cold spray, etc.);
  • Characterization of surface-modified metallic materials;
  • Tribological testing methods for surface-modified metallic materials;
  • Modeling and simulation of the tribological behavior of surface-modified metals;
  • Coatings and surface treatments for additive-manufactured metallic surfaces;
  • Coatings and surface treatments for biomedical applications of metallic materials.

We kindly invite you to submit a manuscript for this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are all welcome.

Prof. Carla Martini
Dr. Ramona Sola
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • friction
  • wear
  • coating
  • surface treatment
  • metallic materials

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 9008 KiB  
Article
Dry Sliding Behavior of an Aluminum Alloy after Innovative Hard Anodizing Treatments
by Chiara Soffritti, Annalisa Fortini, Anna Nastruzzi, Ramona Sola, Mattia Merlin and Gian Luca Garagnani
Materials 2021, 14(12), 3281; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123281 - 14 Jun 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2956
Abstract
This work evaluates the dry sliding behavior of anodic aluminum oxides (AAO) formed during one traditional hard anodizing treatment (HA) and two golden hard anodizing treatments (named G and GP, respectively) on a EN AW-6060 aluminum alloy. Three different thicknesses of AAO layers [...] Read more.
This work evaluates the dry sliding behavior of anodic aluminum oxides (AAO) formed during one traditional hard anodizing treatment (HA) and two golden hard anodizing treatments (named G and GP, respectively) on a EN AW-6060 aluminum alloy. Three different thicknesses of AAO layers were selected: 25, 50, and 100 μm. Prior to wear tests, microstructure and mechanical properties were determined by scanning electron microscopy (VPSEM/EDS), X-ray diffractometry, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT-FTIR) spectroscopy, roughness, microhardness, and scratch tests. Wear tests were carried out by a pin-on-disc tribometer using a steel disc as the counterpart material. The friction coefficient was provided by the equipment. Anodized pins were weighed before and after tests to assess the wear rate. Worn surfaces were analyzed by VPSEM/EDS and DRITF-FTIR. Based on the results, the GP-treated surfaces with a thickness of 50 μm exhibit the lowest friction coefficients and wear rates. In any case, a tribofilm is observed on the wear tracks. During sliding, its detachment leads to delamination of the underlying anodic aluminum oxides and to abrasion of the aluminum substrate. Finally, the best tribological performance of G- and GP-treated surfaces may be related to the existence of a thin Ag-rich film at the coating/aluminum substrate interfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Metallic Materials)
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16 pages, 8375 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of Ti–Nb Alloy Films Obtained by Magnetron Sputtering and Low-Energy High-Current Electron Beam Treatment
by Federico Morini, Massimiliano Bestetti, Silvia Franz, Antonello Vicenzo, Alexey Markov and Evgeniy Yakovlev
Materials 2021, 14(12), 3238; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123238 - 11 Jun 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2104
Abstract
The aim of the present work is to investigate the synthesis of Ti–Nb alloy films obtained by the physical vapor deposition (PVD) magnetron sputtering of Nb films on Ti substrates, followed by low-energy high-current electron beam (LEHCEB) alloying treatment. Ti–Nb alloys were synthetized [...] Read more.
The aim of the present work is to investigate the synthesis of Ti–Nb alloy films obtained by the physical vapor deposition (PVD) magnetron sputtering of Nb films on Ti substrates, followed by low-energy high-current electron beam (LEHCEB) alloying treatment. Ti–Nb alloys were synthetized under two different regimes, one by varying the deposited amount of Nb (from 25 to 150 nm) and treating samples with low applied voltages and a number of pulses (three pulses at either 20 or 25 kV), the second by setting the amount of Nb (100 nm) and alloying it at a higher applied voltage with a different number of pulses (from 10 to 50 at 25 and 30 kV). The synthetized Ti–Nb alloys were characterized by XRD and GDOES for phase identification and chemical composition; SEM and optical microscopy were employed for morphology evaluation; compositional investigation was done by EDS analysis and mechanical properties were evaluated by microindentation tests. LEHCEB treatment led to the formation of metastable phases (α′, α″ and β) which, together with the grain refinement effect, was responsible for improved mechanical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Metallic Materials)
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18 pages, 5543 KiB  
Article
Elemental and Thermochemical Analyses of Materials after Electrical Discharge Machining in Water: Focus on Ni and Zn
by Sergey N. Grigoriev, Marina A. Volosova, Anna A. Okunkova, Sergey V. Fedorov, Khaled Hamdy and Pavel A. Podrabinnik
Materials 2021, 14(12), 3189; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123189 - 09 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1786
Abstract
The mechanism of the material destruction under discharge pulses and material removal mechanism based on the thermochemical nature of the electrical erosion during electrical discharge machining of conductive materials were researched. The experiments were conducted for two structural materials used in the aerospace [...] Read more.
The mechanism of the material destruction under discharge pulses and material removal mechanism based on the thermochemical nature of the electrical erosion during electrical discharge machining of conductive materials were researched. The experiments were conducted for two structural materials used in the aerospace industry, namely austenite anticorrosion X10CrNiTi18-10 (12kH18N10T) steel and 2024 (D16) duralumin, machined by a brass tool of 0.25 mm in diameter in a deionized water medium. The optimized wire electrical discharge machining factors, measured discharge gaps (recommended offset is 170–175 µm and 195–199 µm, respectively), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for both types of materials are reported. Elemental analysis showed the presence of metallic Zn, CuO, iron oxides, chromium oxides, and 58.07% carbides (precipitation and normal atmospheric contamination) for steel and the presence of metallic Zn, CuO, ZnO, aluminum oxide, and 40.37% carbides (contamination) for duralumin. For the first time, calculating the thermochemistry parameters for reactions of Zn(OH)2, ZnO, and NiO formation was produced. The ability of Ni of chrome–nickel steel to interact with Zn of brass electrode was thermochemically proved. The standard enthalpy of the Ni5Zn21 intermetallic compound formation (erosion dust) ΔH0298 is −225.96 kJ/mol; the entropy of the crystalline phase Scint is 424.64 J/(mol·K). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Metallic Materials)
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11 pages, 5177 KiB  
Article
A Study of the Localized Ceria Coating Deposition on Fe-Rich Intermetallics in an AlSiFe Cast Alloy
by Salil Sainis and Caterina Zanella
Materials 2021, 14(11), 3058; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14113058 - 03 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1937
Abstract
Corrosion inhibiting conversion coating formation is triggered by the activity of micro-galvanic couples in the microstructure and subsequent local increase in pH at cathodic sites, which in the case of aluminium alloys are usually intermetallics. Ceria coatings are formed spontaneously upon immersion of [...] Read more.
Corrosion inhibiting conversion coating formation is triggered by the activity of micro-galvanic couples in the microstructure and subsequent local increase in pH at cathodic sites, which in the case of aluminium alloys are usually intermetallics. Ceria coatings are formed spontaneously upon immersion of aluminium alloys in a cerium conversion coating solution, the high pH gradient in the vicinity of intermetallics drives the local precipitation of ceria conversion compounds. Cu-rich intermetallics demonstrate a highly cathodic nature and have shown the local precipitation reaction to occur readily. Fe-rich intermetallics are, however, weaker cathodes and have shown varied extents of localized deposits and are in focus in the current work. Model cast Al-7wt.%Si alloys have been designed with 1 wt.% Fe, solidified at different cooling rates to achieve two different microstructures, with big and small intermetallics, respectively. Upon subjecting the two microstructures to the same conversion coating treatment (immersion in a 0.1 M CeCl3 solution) for a short period of 2 h, preferential heavy deposition on the boundaries of the big intermetallics and light deposition on the small intermetallics was observed. Based on these observations, a mechanism of localized coating initiation at these Fe-rich intermetallic particles (IM) is proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Metallic Materials)
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15 pages, 14664 KiB  
Article
Improving the Corrosion Resistance of Wrought ZM21 Magnesium Alloys by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation and Powder Coating
by Lavanya Rani Ballam, Hamed Arab, Massimiliano Bestetti, Silvia Franz, Giulia Masi, Ramona Sola, Lorenzo Donati and Carla Martini
Materials 2021, 14(9), 2268; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092268 - 27 Apr 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1904
Abstract
Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) was applied to extruded ZM21 Mg alloys to improve their corrosion resistance in a chloride-containing environment. PEO was carried out in DC mode and voltage control in a fluoride-free electrolyte. Potentiodynamic polarization tests in 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution [...] Read more.
Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) was applied to extruded ZM21 Mg alloys to improve their corrosion resistance in a chloride-containing environment. PEO was carried out in DC mode and voltage control in a fluoride-free electrolyte. Potentiodynamic polarization tests in 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution and neutral salt spray (NSS) tests were carried out. Microstructural and profilometric characterization, as well as NSS tests were performed in different conditions: (i) bare ZM21, (ii) PEO-treated ZM21, (iii) powder-coated ZM21 (without PEO interlayer), and (iv) PEO-treated ZM21 with powder coating top layer (carboxyl-functionalized polyester resin). The PEO + powder coating double layer was identified as the best-performing corrosion protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Metallic Materials)
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17 pages, 4928 KiB  
Article
An Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Study of Surfaces on Bronze Sculptures Exposed to Urban Environment
by Dajana Mikić, Helena Otmačić Ćurković, Tadeja Kosec and Neven Peko
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2063; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082063 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2464
Abstract
Polluted urban environment enhances dissolution of patina and underlying bronze material of recent and historical bronze sculptures exposed outdoors. In this work, two bronze statues, situated in one of the most polluted Croatian cities, were examined in order to characterize composition of patina [...] Read more.
Polluted urban environment enhances dissolution of patina and underlying bronze material of recent and historical bronze sculptures exposed outdoors. In this work, two bronze statues, situated in one of the most polluted Croatian cities, were examined in order to characterize composition of patina and its electrochemical stability. The composition of patina on several positions on each sculpture was determined by EDS, Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR measurements. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were conducted in order to evaluate the corrosion stability of both patina and underlying bronze. Results obtained in this work show that the two examined bronze sculptures were covered with patina layer that was mainly composed of copper sulfides and sulphates, which is in accordance with the high concentrations of H2S and SO2 in the atmosphere. However, the variations in the appearance of FTIR and Raman spectra revealed that the amount of each species differed from spot to spot, as well as the fact that other compounds, such as carbonates, were present at some areas. This difference in patina composition was reflected in electrochemical behavior as observed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Metallic Materials)
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