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Analysis of Electrode Materials
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Analysis of Electrode Materials

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 August 2023) | Viewed by 7949

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Zhenye Kang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
Interests: electrolysis; hydrogen production; electrode; porous transport layers; electrochemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Membrane electrodes are a core component of most electrochemical energy conversion systems. Their materials and structures directly determine the performance of the system. Understanding the kinetics of membrane electrodes is highly desired for developing new electrode materials and structures, which is also vital for the wide commercialization of electrochemical energy conversion systems with membrane electrodes.

The material and structure of the membrane electrode directly govern its kinetics and consequently determine the performance and the polarization process. Currently, experimental studies and numerical modeling are two methodologies for investigating membrane electrodes. Various experimental methods can be adopted for the investigation of the kinetics, which provide very valuable data for characterization of the electrode kinetics. The differences in electrode kinetics between various materials and structures are critical for assessing their performance. In addition, the kinetics of the same materials for identical electrochemical reactions in different systems exhibiting nonidentical performances are still not fully understood. Numerical methods are widely used to simulate the kinetics, and some numerical studies could help understand the mechanism of the electrode kinetics. Therefore, many efforts have been made in the field and have contributed to the rapid progress of electrode materials.

This Special Issue is to provide a comprehensive overview of the membrane electrode materials in any systems from kinetic or numerical analysis aspect and welcomes the submission of manuscripts in the form of original research articles, short communications, and reviews. Hence, the proposed topics include but are not limited to the following:

  • New electrode materials, structures, and methodologies
  • Kinetic analyses in membrane electrode materials
  • Numerical modeling of electrode materials and membrane electrodes
  • Ex situ and in situ measurement of electrodes or electrode materials
  • Potential or novel catalysts for membrane electrode materials
  • Characterization of electrode materials in three-electrode cells or electrochemical devices
  • Large-scale production of membrane electrode materials

Prof. Dr. Zhenye Kang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • kinetic
  • numerical modeling
  • membrane electrode
  • electrode materials
  • electrochemical reaction
  • electrocatalyst
  • electrode structure

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 2664 KiB  
Article
Elucidating the Mass Transportation Behavior of Gas Diffusion Layers via a H2 Limiting Current Test
by Min Wang, Wei Zhao, Shuhan Kong, Juntao Chen, Yunfei Li, Mengqi Liu, Mingbo Wu and Guanxiong Wang
Materials 2023, 16(16), 5670; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165670 - 17 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 861
Abstract
The gas diffusion layer (GDL), as a key component of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), plays a crucial role in PEMFC’s polarization performance, particularly in mass transport properties at high current densities. To elucidate the correlation between GDLs’ structure and their mass [...] Read more.
The gas diffusion layer (GDL), as a key component of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), plays a crucial role in PEMFC’s polarization performance, particularly in mass transport properties at high current densities. To elucidate the correlation between GDLs’ structure and their mass transport properties, a limiting current test with the H2 molecular probe was established and employed to investigate three representative GDLs with and without the microporous layer (MPL). By varying humidity and back pressure, the mass transport resistance of three GDLs was measured in an operating fuel cell, and an elaborate analysis of H2 transport was conducted. The results showed that the transport resistance (RDM) of GDLs was affected by the thickness and pore size distribution of the macroporous substrate (MPS) and the MPL. In the process of gas transport, the smaller pore size and thicker MPL increase the force of gas on the pore wall, resulting in an increase in transmission resistance. Through further calculation and analysis, the total transport resistance can be divided into pressure-related resistance (RP) and pressure-independent resistance (RNP). RP mainly originates from the transport resistance in both MPLs and the substrate layers of GDLs, exhibiting a linear relationship to the pressure; RNP mainly originates from the transport resistance in the MPLs. 29BC with thick MPL shows the largest RNP, and T060 without MPL shows the RNP = 0. This methodology enables in situ measurements of mass transport resistances for gas diffusion media, which can be easily applied for developing and deploying PEMFCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Electrode Materials)
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16 pages, 4719 KiB  
Article
Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of the Performance and Transport Phenomena of Oxygen Evolution Reactions in a Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer
by Jinsong Zheng, Zhenye Kang, Bo Han and Jingke Mo
Materials 2023, 16(3), 1310; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031310 - 03 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2242
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis, which is one of methods of hydrogen production with the most potential, has attracted more attention due to its energy conversion and storage potential. In this paper, a steady state, three-dimensional mathematical model coupled with the electrochemical [...] Read more.
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis, which is one of methods of hydrogen production with the most potential, has attracted more attention due to its energy conversion and storage potential. In this paper, a steady state, three-dimensional mathematical model coupled with the electrochemical and mass transfer physical fields for a PEM water electrolyzer was established. The influence of the different operation parameters on the cell performance was discussed. Moreover, the different patterns of the flow field, such as parallel, serpentine, multi-serpentine, and interdigitate flow fields, were simulated to reveal their influence on the mass transfer and current distribution and how they consequently affected the cell performance. The results of the numerical modeling were in good agreement with the experimental data. The results demonstrated that a higher temperature led to a better mass transfer, current distribution, and cell performance. By comparing the polarization curve, current, velocity, and pressure distribution, the results also indicated that the PEM water electrolyzer with a parallel flow field had the best performance. The results in this study can help in optimizing the design of PEM water electrolyzers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Electrode Materials)
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14 pages, 2158 KiB  
Article
Improved Lead Sensing Using a Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrode with Polymeric Membrane Modified with Carbon Nanofibers and Ionic Liquid Nanocomposite
by Cecylia Wardak, Klaudia Morawska, Beata Paczosa-Bator and Malgorzata Grabarczyk
Materials 2023, 16(3), 1003; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031003 - 21 Jan 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1593
Abstract
A new solid-contact ion-selective electrode (ISE) sensitive to lead (II) ions, obtained by modifying a polymer membrane with a nanocomposite of carbon nanofibers and an ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, is presented. Electrodes with a different amount of nanocomposite in the membrane (0–9% w/w [...] Read more.
A new solid-contact ion-selective electrode (ISE) sensitive to lead (II) ions, obtained by modifying a polymer membrane with a nanocomposite of carbon nanofibers and an ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, is presented. Electrodes with a different amount of nanocomposite in the membrane (0–9% w/w), in which a platinum wire or a glassy carbon electrode was used as an internal electrode, were tested. Potentiometric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were carried out to determine the effect of the ion-sensitive membrane modification on the analytical and electrical parameters of the ion-selective electrode. It was found that the addition of the nanocomposite causes beneficial changes in the properties of the membrane, i.e., a decrease in resistance and an increase in capacitance and hydrophobicity. As a result, the electrodes with the modified membrane were characterized by a lower limit of detection, a wider measuring range and better selectivity compared to the unmodified electrode. Moreover, a significant improvement in the stability and reversibility of the electrode potential was observed, and additionally, they were resistant to changes in the redox potential of the sample. The best parameters were shown by the electrode obtained with the use of a platinum wire as the inner electrode with a membrane containing 6% of the nanocomposite. The electrode exhibited a Nernstian response to lead ions over a wide concentration range, 1.0 × 10−8–1.0 × 10−2 mol L−1, with a slope of 31.5 mV/decade and detection limit of 6.0 × 10−9 mol L−1. In addition, the proposed sensor showed very good long term stability and worked properly 4 months after its preparation without essential changes in the E0 or slope values. It was used to analyze a real sample and correct results of lead content determination were obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Electrode Materials)
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14 pages, 3959 KiB  
Article
Studying Performance and Kinetic Differences between Various Anode Electrodes in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Cell
by Zhenye Kang, Zihao Fan, Fan Zhang, Zhenyu Zhang, Chao Tian, Weina Wang, Jing Li, Yijun Shen and Xinlong Tian
Materials 2022, 15(20), 7209; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207209 - 16 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2318
Abstract
The electrode, as one of the most critical components in a proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) cell for hydrogen production, has a significant impact on cell performance. Electrodes that are fabricated via various techniques may exhibit different morphologies or properties, which might [...] Read more.
The electrode, as one of the most critical components in a proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) cell for hydrogen production, has a significant impact on cell performance. Electrodes that are fabricated via various techniques may exhibit different morphologies or properties, which might change the kinetics and resistances of the PEMWE. In this study, we have successfully fabricated several electrodes by different techniques, and the effects of electrode coating methods (ultrasonic spray, blade coating, and rod coating), hot press, and decal transfer processes are comprehensively investigated. The performance differences between various electrodes are due to kinetic or high frequency resistance changes, while the influences are not significant, with the biggest deviation of about 26 mV at 2.0 A cm−2. In addition, the effects of catalyst ink compositions, including ionomer to catalyst ratio (0.1 to 0.3), water to alcohol ratio (1:1 to 3:1), and catalyst weight percentage (10% to 30%), are also studied, and the electrodes’ performance variations are less than 10 mV at 2.0 A cm−2. The results show that the PEMWE electrode has superior compatibility and redundancy, which demonstrates the high flexibility of the electrode and its applicability for large-scale manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Electrode Materials)
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