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The Appearance Reproduction and Measurement of 3D Full Colour Printed...
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The Appearance Reproduction and Measurement of 3D Full Colour Printed Objects

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Manufacturing Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 December 2022) | Viewed by 6337

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Kaida Xiao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Interests: colour reproduction for 3D printing; skin colour measurement and analysis; spectral reflectance estimation for camera image; colour management; colour appearance modelling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

I am writing to invite you to submit a manuscript on the “Appearance Reproduction and Measurement of 3D Full Colour Printed Objects” for a Special Issue of Materials. Submissions may focus on novel scientific or technological aspects of 3D full colour printing processes or part attributes. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, appearance measurement for 3D colour objects; novel image technology for 3D object image capture, new applications of 3D full colour printing processes; colour appearance difference evaluation and prediction for 3D objects; 3D colour reproduction framework; appearance assessment for 3D objects under various viewing conditions; chromatic adaptation transform for 3D colour objects; gloss measurement and evaluation for 3D colour objects; and applications of appearance reproductions. The scope of this Special Issue includes all 3D full colour printing process technologies. The categories of paper types that will be considered include technical papers, short communications, perspectives, and reviews. The length of reviews will depend on topics, but will be decided by prior agreement with the editors.

The contents must be original unpublished work that has not been submitted for publication elsewhere.

Dr. Kaida Xiao
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • 3D full colour printing
  • appearance measurement for 3D objects
  • simulation of 3D objects using VR/AR
  • 3D image capture
  • colour appearance difference evaluation between 3D objects
  • appearance assessment for 3D objects
  • gloss measurement and evaluation for 3D colour objects
  • industrial applications of appearance reproduction (dental, medical, rapid prototyping, etc.)

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 2835 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Parametric Factors in CIELAB and CIEDE2000 Color-Difference Formulas for 3D-Printed Spherical Objects
by Ruili He, Kaida Xiao, Michael Pointer, Manuel Melgosa and Yoav Bressler
Materials 2022, 15(12), 4055; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124055 - 7 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2895
Abstract
The current color-difference formulas were developed based on 2D samples and there is no standard guidance for the color-difference evaluation of 3D objects. The aim of this study was to test and optimize the CIELAB and CIEDE2000 color-difference formulas by using 42 pairs [...] Read more.
The current color-difference formulas were developed based on 2D samples and there is no standard guidance for the color-difference evaluation of 3D objects. The aim of this study was to test and optimize the CIELAB and CIEDE2000 color-difference formulas by using 42 pairs of 3D-printed spherical samples in Experiment I and 40 sample pairs in Experiment II. Fifteen human observers with normal color vision were invited to attend the visual experiments under simulated D65 illumination and assess the color differences of the 82 pairs of 3D spherical samples using the gray-scale method. The performances of the CIELAB and CIEDE2000 formulas were quantified by the STRESS index and F-test with respect to the collected visual results and three different optimization methods were performed on the original color-difference formulas by using the data from the 42 sample pairs in Experiment I. It was found that the optimum parametric factors for CIELAB were kL = 1.4 and kC = 1.9, whereas for CIEDE2000, kL = 1.5. The visual data of the 40 sample pairs in Experiment II were used to test the performance of the optimized formulas and the STRESS values obtained for CIELAB/CIEDE2000 were 32.8/32.9 for the original formulas and 25.3/25.4 for the optimized formulas. The F-test results indicated that a significant improvement was achieved using the proposed optimization of the parametric factors applied to both color-difference formulas for 3D-printed spherical samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Appearance Reproduction and Measurement of 3D Full Colour Printed Objects)
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10 pages, 3964 KiB  
Article
What Elevation Makes 2.5D Prints Perceptually Natural?
by Altynay Kadyrova, Marius Pedersen and Stephen Westland
Materials 2022, 15(10), 3573; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103573 - 17 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1497
Abstract
Elevation plays a considerable role in naturalness perception of 2.5D prints. The necessary level of elevation to make 2.5D prints look perceptually natural may vary from application to application. Therefore, one needs to know the right elevation for specific applications to make the [...] Read more.
Elevation plays a considerable role in naturalness perception of 2.5D prints. The necessary level of elevation to make 2.5D prints look perceptually natural may vary from application to application. Therefore, one needs to know the right elevation for specific applications to make the prints look perceptually natural. In this work, we investigated what elevation makes 2.5D prints of wood images perceptually natural. We worked with various wood content images such as wooden wicker, wall, roof, and floor. We found that the optimal elevation that makes 2.5D prints of wood images perceptually natural is content-dependent and in a range between 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm. Moreover, we found that the optimal elevation becomes 0.5 mm if we consider images of wood regardless of the wood content. In addition, there was a high correlation between majority of observers on naturalness perception of 2.5D prints of wood images. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Appearance Reproduction and Measurement of 3D Full Colour Printed Objects)
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15 pages, 7043 KiB  
Article
Effect of Elevation and Surface Roughness on Naturalness Perception of 2.5D Decor Prints
by Altynay Kadyrova, Marius Pedersen and Stephen Westland
Materials 2022, 15(9), 3372; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093372 - 8 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1505
Abstract
Naturalness is a complex concept. It can involve a variety of attributes. In this work, we considered the effect of elevation and surface roughness on naturalness perception of 2.5D decor prints for four material categories. We found that elevation has an impact on [...] Read more.
Naturalness is a complex concept. It can involve a variety of attributes. In this work, we considered the effect of elevation and surface roughness on naturalness perception of 2.5D decor prints for four material categories. We found that elevation has an impact on the naturalness perception of 2.5D decor prints and that it is linked with content. The observers found lower elevation to be more natural for wood and glass 2.5D prints while there was no clear tendency for stone and metal 2.5D prints. We also found the perceptual attributes used for naturalness assessment of 2.5D decor prints. The top five ones are color, roughness, gloss, elevation, and lightness. The obtained findings can be useful for companies that produce 2.5D prints. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Appearance Reproduction and Measurement of 3D Full Colour Printed Objects)
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