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Fabrication, Characterization and Application of High-Energy Material (Volume II)
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Fabrication, Characterization and Application of High-Energy Material (Volume II)

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 May 2024 | Viewed by 5422

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Aleksander B. Vorozhtsov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Physics and Engineering, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
Interests: high-energy materials and high-energy systems; light metals and nanocomposites; nanoscience and nanotechnologies; detection of explosives for antiterrorism purposes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

High-energy materials—solid rocket propellants, powder gun propellants and explosives—are very compact stores and carriers, primarily used in the space rocket industry and weaponry. We are publishing a Special Issue of Materials devoted to the exchange of ideas in the areas of propellants, explosives and pyrotechnics as well as combustion and detonation processes. The Special Issue’s coverage of high-energy materials will include their synthesis, preparation and characterization, investigation analysis, testing and evaluation. The results of theoretical or practical investigations into combustion and detonation processes such as the internal ballistics of guns and rockets or high-explosive ballistics will also be included.

The applications of high-energy materials make it possible to use them not only as fuel for the generation of new space rockets, but also in blasting works for the construction and mining industry, in geophysical surveying, as gas generators for enhanced oil recovery, in solid-propellant magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) systems, and EM generators for the conversion of chemical energy into electromagnetic energy, producing the most powerful sources of light energy in a wide range of frequencies (wavelengths) via pulsed laser and X-ray emitters and high-frequency emitters (SHF). They can also be used in gas generators for emergency systems, pressurized fire-extinguishing systems, pressurization systems, pressurized lifting bags for lifting heavy objects underwater, car safety airbags, shock-wave compaction, and in material science (e.g., the production of super-hard materials and composites).

Contributions should come from experts in chemistry, physics and technology.

Prof. Dr. Aleksander B. Vorozhtsov
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • synthesis
  • chracterization
  • performance
  • high-energy materials
  • propellants
  • explosives
  • pyrotechnics

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 3936 KiB  
Article
A New Approach for the Synthesis of 2,3,4а,6,7,8а,9,10-Octaaza-4,8-dioxo-3,4,4a,7,8,8а,9,9a,10,10а-decahydroanthracene and High-Energy Performance Characterization of Its Dinitramide Salt
by Vera S. Glukhacheva, Sergey G. Il’yasov, Dmitri S. Il’yasov, Egor E. Zhukov, Ilia V. Eltsov and Andrey A. Nefedov
Materials 2023, 16(23), 7437; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237437 - 29 Nov 2023
Viewed by 731
Abstract
A simple, one-pot regioselective method for the synthesis of a high-nitrogen tricycle, 2,3,4а,6,7,8а,9,10-octaaza-4,8-dioxo-3,4,4a,7,8,8а,9,9a,10,10а-decahydroanthracene, with a yield of 27% was developed on a starting urea basis as a result of studies focused on finding new, more efficient approaches to the synthesis of high-energy derivatives [...] Read more.
A simple, one-pot regioselective method for the synthesis of a high-nitrogen tricycle, 2,3,4а,6,7,8а,9,10-octaaza-4,8-dioxo-3,4,4a,7,8,8а,9,9a,10,10а-decahydroanthracene, with a yield of 27% was developed on a starting urea basis as a result of studies focused on finding new, more efficient approaches to the synthesis of high-energy derivatives of dinitramic acid (DNA). This tricycle was further treated to furnish 2,3,4а,6,7,8а,9,10-octaaza-4,8-dioxo-3,4,4a,7,8,8а,9a,10а-octohydroanthracene-9,10-ion-bis(dinitramide). The resultant salt of dinitramic acid exhibited inhibitory properties towards the burning rate of pyrotechnic compositions, reducing it by 30%, and possessed good thermal stability due to a high decomposition temperature above 260 °C and a low sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. The structural features of the new tricycle-based dinitramide salt were characterized via 2D NMR spectroscopy and double-focusing sector mass spectrometry (DFS). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication, Characterization and Application of High-Energy Material (Volume II))
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14 pages, 3836 KiB  
Article
Alkyl Substituent in Heterocyclic Substrate, Carbon Skeleton Length of O-Nucleophilic Agent and Conditions Influence the Product Composition from Competitive Reactions of SNipso Substitution by Aliphatic Oligoethers
by Konstantin K. Bosov, Ekaterina V. Pivovarova, Irina A. Krupnova, Gennady T. Sukhanov, Anna G. Sukhanova and Yulia V. Filippova
Materials 2023, 16(22), 7068; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227068 - 07 Nov 2023
Viewed by 553
Abstract
Using 1H NMR spectroscopy, we studied the relative mobility of the NO2 group in 1-alkyl-5-nitro-1,2,4-triazoles in the reaction of nucleophilic heterocyclic substitution by aliphatic oligoethers. The main pathways of the SNipso substitution process and the composition of resultant products [...] Read more.
Using 1H NMR spectroscopy, we studied the relative mobility of the NO2 group in 1-alkyl-5-nitro-1,2,4-triazoles in the reaction of nucleophilic heterocyclic substitution by aliphatic oligoethers. The main pathways of the SNipso substitution process and the composition of resultant products from competitive reactions were examined, and the key factors influencing the relative mobility of the nitro group, such as the nitrotriazole substrate constitution, the carbon skeleton length of the O-nucleophilic agent and the process conditions, were discussed. Several independent competitive reactions directed towards the substitution of the nitro group at position C(5) in the alkyltriazole substrate by different types of nucleophiles such as alkoxide-, hydroxide- and triazolonate anions were observed to take place under conditions used. The major reaction yielded oligoethers containing terminal alkyltriazole heterocycles. Secondary reactions occurred to form the corresponding triazolone and N–C triazolyl triazolone structures in the reaction system. Additionally, in excess of the alkaline agent, alkaline hydrolysis was observed to proceed at the final stages of the process involving the O-nucleophile having a longer oligoether backbone in the series studied, leading to the formation of new O-nucleophilic sites. The obtained findings can provide a foundation for devising a method for the modification of a wide range of commercially available aliphatic oligo- or polyethers to prepare functional macromolecules whose terminals carry bioactive 1,2,4-triazole heterocycles located at a desired distance from each other. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication, Characterization and Application of High-Energy Material (Volume II))
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11 pages, 1770 KiB  
Article
Mathematical Model of Propagation of an Aerosol Created by an Impulse Method in Space
by Olga Kudryashova, Sergei Sokolov and Alexander Vorozhtsov
Materials 2023, 16(16), 5701; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165701 - 20 Aug 2023
Viewed by 863
Abstract
When developing neutralization systems for harmful agents, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of the formation and evolution of an aerosol cloud in a closed or open space. Effective decontamination with aerosol clouds is provided by a rather high particle concentration and [...] Read more.
When developing neutralization systems for harmful agents, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of the formation and evolution of an aerosol cloud in a closed or open space. Effective decontamination with aerosol clouds is provided by a rather high particle concentration and dispersion in an open space or on contaminated surfaces. This paper considers neutralization systems based on pulsed powder aerosol generators. It is shown that an aerosol cloud consisting of micron- and submicron-sized particles appears for several seconds after spraying. A further evolution of the aerosol cloud in a room is associated with the gravitational settling, diffusion, and coagulation of particles and their settling on the walls and ceiling. In the case of an open space or a ventilation system in a room, the evolution of the aerosol cloud is affected by the airflow. The main purpose of this paper is to determine the most important parameters and critical conditions of pulsed aerosol generation. A mathematical model is, thus, proposed for pulsed aerosol generation, and its parametric study is conducted in the most typical conditions. The purpose performance predicted by the model is the mass concentration of aerosol particles in the air and on surfaces, depending on the time of particle spraying and dispersion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication, Characterization and Application of High-Energy Material (Volume II))
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11 pages, 2281 KiB  
Article
Development of Blue Phosphorescent Pt(II) Materials Using Dibenzofuranyl Imidazole Ligands and Their Application in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
by Hakjo Kim, Dain Cho, Haein Kim, Seung Chan Kim, Jun Yeob Lee and Youngjin Kang
Materials 2023, 16(11), 4159; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16114159 - 02 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1360
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are energy-efficient; however, the coordinating ligand can affect their stability. Sky-blue phosphorescent Pt(II) compounds with a C^N chelate, fluorinated-dbi (dbi = [1-(2,4-diisopropyldibenzo [b,d]furan-3-yl)-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole]), and acetylactonate (acac) (1)/picolinate (pic) (2) ancillary ligands [...] Read more.
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are energy-efficient; however, the coordinating ligand can affect their stability. Sky-blue phosphorescent Pt(II) compounds with a C^N chelate, fluorinated-dbi (dbi = [1-(2,4-diisopropyldibenzo [b,d]furan-3-yl)-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole]), and acetylactonate (acac) (1)/picolinate (pic) (2) ancillary ligands were synthesized. The molecular structures were characterized using various spectroscopic methods. The Pt(II) Compound Two exhibited a distorted square planar geometry, with several intra- and inter-molecular interactions involving Cπ⋯H/Cπ⋯Cπ stacking. Complex One emitted bright sky-blue light (λmax = 485 nm) with a moderate photoluminescent quantum efficiency (PLQY) of 0.37 and short decay time (6.1 µs) compared to those of 2. Theoretical calculations suggested that the electronic transition of 1 arose from ligand(C^N)-centered π–π* transitions combined with metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT), whereas that of 2 arose from MLCT and ligand(C^N)-to-ligand(pic) charge-transfer (LLCT), with minimal contribution from C^N chelate to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Multi-layered phosphorescent OLEDs using One as a dopant and a mixed host, mCBP/CNmCBPCN, were successfully fabricated. At a 10% doping concentration of 1, a current efficiency of 13.6 cdA−1 and external quantum efficiency of 8.4% at 100 cdm−2 were achieved. These results show that the ancillary ligand in phosphorescent Pt(II) complexes must be considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication, Characterization and Application of High-Energy Material (Volume II))
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14 pages, 1840 KiB  
Article
Adducts of the Zinc Salt of Dinitramic Acid
by Sergey G. Il’yasov, Vera S. Glukhacheva, Dmitri S. Il’yasov, Egor E. Zhukov, Ilia V. Eltsov, Andrey A. Nefedov and Yuri V. Gatilov
Materials 2023, 16(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010070 - 21 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1284
Abstract
Herein, we describe the synthesis of coordination compounds starting from carbohydrazide ((H2NHN)2C=O (CHZ)) and the Zn2+ salt of dinitramic acid (HDN), which are high-nitrogen substances that exhibit properties similar to those of a burning-rate inhibitor of pyrotechnic compositions. [...] Read more.
Herein, we describe the synthesis of coordination compounds starting from carbohydrazide ((H2NHN)2C=O (CHZ)) and the Zn2+ salt of dinitramic acid (HDN), which are high-nitrogen substances that exhibit properties similar to those of a burning-rate inhibitor of pyrotechnic compositions. This study demonstrates that these compounds react with glyoxal to furnish adducts of metal–organic macrocyclic cages bearing the elements of carbohydrazide, complexing metals and the HDN anion, depending on the ratio of the starting reactants. The assembled macrocyclic cage has “host–guest” properties and is a safe container for the storage of HDN salts. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the resultant coordination compound, [Zn(chz)3(N(NO2)2)2]), indicated that the metal–ligand association occurs via the N and O atoms of carbohydrazide. The zinc salt of dinitramic acid, which is enclosed into adducts with a macrocycle, is thermally stable and insensitive to mechanical impacts. The complex zinc salt of dinitramide was shown herein to exhibit inhibitory activity towards the burning rate of pyrotechnic compositions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication, Characterization and Application of High-Energy Material (Volume II))
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