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18 pages, 3830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharides Extracted from Lobonema smithii Jellyfish

by Thitikan Summat, Sutee Wangtueai, SangGuan You, Weerawan Rod-in, Woo Jung Park, Supatra Karnjanapratum, Phisit Seesuriyachan and Utoomporn Surayot

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(11), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21110559 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 2070

Abstract

Crude polysaccharides were extracted from the white jellyfish (Lobonema smithii) using water extraction and fractionated using ion-exchange chromatography to obtain three different fractions (JF1, JF2, and JF3). The chemical characteristics of four polysaccharides were investigated, along with their anti-inflammatory effect in [...] Read more.

Crude polysaccharides were extracted from the white jellyfish (Lobonema smithii) using water extraction and fractionated using ion-exchange chromatography to obtain three different fractions (JF1, JF2, and JF3). The chemical characteristics of four polysaccharides were investigated, along with their anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. All samples mainly consisted of neutral sugars with minor contents of proteins and sulphates in various proportions. Glucose, galactose, and mannose were the main constituents of the monosaccharides. The molecular weights of the crude polysaccharides and the JF1, JF2, and JF3 fractions were 865.0, 477.6, 524.1, and 293.0 kDa, respectively. All polysaccharides were able to decrease NO production, especially JF3, which showed inhibitory activity. JF3 effectively suppressed iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression, while IL-10 expression was induced. JF3 could inhibit phosphorylated ERK, JNK, p38, and NF-κB p65. Furthermore, flow cytometry showed the impact of JF3 on inhibiting CD11b and CD40 expression. These results suggest that JF3 could inhibit NF-κB and MAPK-related inflammatory pathways. The structural characterisation revealed that (1→3)-linked glucopyranosyl, (1→3,6)-linked galactopyranosyl, and (1→3,6)-linked glucopyranosyl residues comprised the main backbone of JF3. Therefore, L. smithii polysaccharides exhibit good anti-inflammatory activity and could thus be applied as an alternative therapeutic agent against inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Bioactive Compounds against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation)

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19 pages, 2480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasound-Based Recovery of Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Extracts of the Acidophilic Microalga Coccomyxa onubensis

by Mari Carmen Ruiz-Domínguez, María Robles, Lidia Martín, Álvaro Beltrán, Riccardo Gava, María Cuaresma, Francisco Navarro and Carlos Vílchez

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(9), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21090471 - 27 Aug 2023

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Abstract

In the present study, the recovery of valuable molecules of proven anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of the acidophilic microalga Coccomyxa onubensis (C. onubensis) were evaluated using green technologies based on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Using a factorial design (3 × 2) based [...] Read more.

In the present study, the recovery of valuable molecules of proven anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of the acidophilic microalga Coccomyxa onubensis (C. onubensis) were evaluated using green technologies based on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Using a factorial design (3 × 2) based on response surface methodology and Pareto charts, two types of ultrasonic equipment (bath and probe) were evaluated to recover valuable compounds, including the major terpenoid of C. onubensis, lutein, and the antimicrobial activity of the microalgal extracts obtained under optimal ultrasound conditions (desirability function) was evaluated versus conventional extraction. Significant differences in lutein recovery were observed between ultrasonic bath and ultrasonic probe and conventional extraction. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity displayed by C. onubensis UAE-based extracts was greater than that obtained in solvent-based extracts, highlighting the effects of the extracts against pathogens such as Enterococcus hirae and Bacillus subtilis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was performed to detect valuable anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial biomolecules present in the optimal C. onubensis extracts, which revealed that phytol, sterol-like, terpenoid, and even fatty acid structures could also be responsible for the antibacterial activities of the extracts. Moreover, UAE displayed a positive effect on the recovery of valuable molecules, improving biocidal effects. Our study results facilitate the use of green technology as a good tool in algal bioprocess engineering, improving energy consumption and minimizing environmental impacts and process costs, as well as provide a valuable product for applications in the field of biotechnology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Bioactive Compounds against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation)

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13 pages, 3277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Eicosapentaenoic Acid or Docosahexaenoic Acid Improved Ageing-Associated Cognitive Decline by Regulating Glial Polarization

by Juan Xia, Longen Yang, Chengyi Huang, Shuyi Deng, Zhiyou Yang, Yongping Zhang, Cai Zhang and Cai Song

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(7), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21070398 - 10 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1908

Abstract

Neuroinflammation induced by microglial and astrocyte polarizations may contribute to neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, but conflicting results were reported after different n-3 PUFA treatments. This study examined both the change in glial [...] Read more.

Neuroinflammation induced by microglial and astrocyte polarizations may contribute to neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, but conflicting results were reported after different n-3 PUFA treatments. This study examined both the change in glial polarizations in ageing rats and the differential effects of two omega-3 PUFAs. The results showed that both PUFAs improved spatial memory in ageing rats, with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) being more effective than eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The imbalance between microglial M1/M2 polarizations, such as up-regulating ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) and down-regulating CD206 and arginase-1 (ARG-1) was reversed in the hippocampus by both n-3 PUFAs, while the DHA effect on CD206 was stronger. Astrocyte A1 polarization presented increasing S100B and C3 but decreasing A2 parameter S100A10 in the ageing brain, which were restored by both PUFAs, while DHA was more effective on S100A10 than EPA. Consistent with microglial M1 activation, the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were significantly increased, which were attenuated by DHA, while EPA only suppressed IL-6. In correlation with astrocyte changes, brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor was increased in ageing rats, which was more powerfully down-regulated by DHA than EPA. In summary, enhanced microglial M1 and astrocytic A1 polarizations may contribute to increased brain pro-inflammatory cytokines, while DHA was more powerful than EPA to alleviate ageing-associated neuroimmunological changes, thereby better-improving memory impairment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Bioactive Compounds against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation)

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17 pages, 4640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Antioxidant Peptides Identified from Arthrospira platensis Hydrolysates Prepared by a Marine Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. JS4-1 Extracellular Protease

by Congling Liu, Gong Chen, Hailian Rao, Xun Xiao, Yidan Chen, Cuiling Wu, Fei Bian and Hailun He

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(2), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21020133 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1658

Abstract

Crude enzymes produced by a marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. JS4-1 were used to hydrolyze phycobiliprotein. Enzymatic productions showed good performance on DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities (45.14 ± 0.43% and 65.11 ± 2.64%, respectively), especially small peptides with MWCO <3 kDa. [...] Read more.

Crude enzymes produced by a marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. JS4-1 were used to hydrolyze phycobiliprotein. Enzymatic productions showed good performance on DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities (45.14 ± 0.43% and 65.11 ± 2.64%, respectively), especially small peptides with MWCO <3 kDa. Small peptides were fractioned to four fractions using size-exclusion chromatography and the second fraction (F2) had the highest activity in hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (62.61 ± 5.80%). The fraction F1 and F2 both exhibited good antioxidant activities in oxidative stress models in HUVECs and HaCaT cells. Among them, F2 could upregulate the activities of SOD and GSH-Px and reduce the lipid peroxidation degree to scavenge the ROS to protect Caenorhabditis elegans under adversity. Then, 25 peptides total were identified from F2 by LC-MS/MS, and the peptide with the new sequence of INSSDVQGKY as the most significant component was synthetized and the ORAC assay and cellular ROS scavenging assay both illustrated its excellent antioxidant property. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Bioactive Compounds against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation)

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19 pages, 3968 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probiotic Potential of the Marine Isolate Enterococcus faecium EA9 and In Vivo Evaluation of Its Antisepsis Action in Rats

by Eman H. Zaghloul, Hatem M. Abuohashish, Amany S. El Sharkawy, Eman M. Abbas, Mohammed M. Ahmed and Salim S. Al-Rejaie

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21010045 - 07 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2117

Abstract

This study aims to obtain a novel probiotic strain adapted to marine habitats and to assess its antisepsis properties using a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model in rodents. The marine Enterococcus faecium EA9 was isolated from marine shrimp samples and evaluated for [...] Read more.

This study aims to obtain a novel probiotic strain adapted to marine habitats and to assess its antisepsis properties using a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model in rodents. The marine Enterococcus faecium EA9 was isolated from marine shrimp samples and evaluated for probiotic potential after phenotypical and molecular identification. In septic animals, hepatic and renal tissues were histologically and biochemically evaluated for inflammation and oxidative stress following the probiotic treatment. Moreover, gene expressions of multiple signaling cascades were determined using RT-PCR. EA9 was identified and genotyped as Enterococcus faecium with a 99.88% identity. EA9 did not exhibit any signs of hemolysis and survived at low pH and elevated concentrations of bile salts. Moreover, EA9 isolate had antibacterial activity against different pathogenic bacteria and could thrive in 6.5% NaCl. Septic animals treated with EA9 had improved liver and kidney functions, lower inflammatory and lipid peroxidation biomarkers, and enhanced antioxidant enzymes. The CLP-induced necrotic histological changes and altered gene expressions of IL-10, IL-1β, INF-γ, COX-2, SOD-1, SOD-2, HO-1, AKT, mTOR, iNOS, and STAT-3 were abolished by the EA9 probiotic in septic animals. The isolate Enterococcus faecium EA9 represents a promising marine probiotic. The in vivo antisepsis testing of EA9 highlighted its potential and effective therapeutic approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Bioactive Compounds against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation)

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15 pages, 2799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eckmaxol Isolated from Ecklonia maxima Attenuates Particulate-Matter-Induced Inflammation in MH-S Lung Macrophage

by D. P. Nagahawatta, N. M. Liyanage, H. H. A. C. K. Jayawardhana, Thilina U. Jayawardena, Hyo-Geun Lee, Moon-Soo Heo and You-Jin Jeon

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(12), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20120766 - 07 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1725

Abstract

Airborne particulate matter (PM) originating from industrial processes is a major threat to the environment and health in East Asia. PM can cause asthma, collateral lung tissue damage, oxidative stress, allergic reactions, and inflammation. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective [...] Read more.

Airborne particulate matter (PM) originating from industrial processes is a major threat to the environment and health in East Asia. PM can cause asthma, collateral lung tissue damage, oxidative stress, allergic reactions, and inflammation. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of eckmaxol, a phlorotannin isolated from Ecklonia maxima, against PM-induced inflammation in MH-S macrophage cells. It was found that PM induced inflammation in MH-S lung macrophages, which was inhibited by eckmaxol treatment in a dose-dependent manner (21.0–84.12 µM). Eckmaxol attenuated the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in PM-induced lung macrophages. Subsequently, nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E-2 (PGE-2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) were downregulated. PM stimulated inflammation in MH-S lung macrophages by activating Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Eckmaxol exhibited anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing the activation of TLRs, downstream signaling of NF-κB (p50 and p65), and MAPK pathways, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. These findings suggest that eckmaxol may offer substantial therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Bioactive Compounds against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation)

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20 pages, 4150 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Inhibitory Effect of Phycocyanin Peptide on Pulmonary Fibrosis In Vitro

by Run-Ze Liu, Wen-Jun Li, Juan-Juan Zhang, Zheng-Yi Liu, Ya Li, Chao Liu and Song Qin

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(11), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20110696 - 06 Nov 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1713

Abstract

Phycocyanin is an excellent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory effects on which recent studies are growing; however, its specific target remains unclear. Linear tetrapyrrole compounds such as bilirubin have been shown to lead to the induction of heme oxygenase 1 expression in vivo, thus [...] Read more.

Phycocyanin is an excellent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory effects on which recent studies are growing; however, its specific target remains unclear. Linear tetrapyrrole compounds such as bilirubin have been shown to lead to the induction of heme oxygenase 1 expression in vivo, thus achieving antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Phycocyanin is bound internally with linear tetrapyrrole phycocyanobilin in a similar structure to bilirubin. We speculate that there is probably a way of inducing the expression of heme oxygenase 1, with which tissue oxidative stress and inflammation can be inhibited, thus inhibiting pulmonary fibrosis caused by oxidative damage and inflammation of lung. By optimizing the enzymatic hydrolysis process, phycocyanobilin-bound phycocyanin peptide were obtained, and its in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pulmonary fibrosis activities were investigated. The results show that the phycocyanobilin peptide was able to alleviate oxidative and inflammatory damage in cells through the Keap1-Nrf2-HO-1 pathway, which in turn relieved pulmonary fibrosis symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Bioactive Compounds against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation)

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23 pages, 6897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two Laminaria japonica Fermentation Broths Alleviate Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response Caused by UVB Damage: Photoprotective and Reparative Effects

by Qianru Sun, Jiaxuan Fang, Ziwen Wang, Zixin Song, Jiman Geng, Dongdong Wang, Changtao Wang and Meng Li

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(10), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20100650 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2079

Abstract

UVB radiation can induce oxidative stress and inflammatory response in human epidermal cells. We establish a UVB-induced damage model of human immortalized epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT) to explore the protective and reparative effects of Laminaria japonica on UVB-damaged epidermal inflammation after fermentation by white [...] Read more.

UVB radiation can induce oxidative stress and inflammatory response in human epidermal cells. We establish a UVB-induced damage model of human immortalized epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT) to explore the protective and reparative effects of Laminaria japonica on UVB-damaged epidermal inflammation after fermentation by white Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Compared with unfermented Laminaria japonica, fermented Laminaria japonica possesses stronger in vitro free radical scavenging ability. Laminaria japonica white Ganoderma lucidum fermentation broth (LJ-G) and Laminaria japonica rice wine yeast fermentation broth (LJ-Y) can more effectively remove excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells and increase the content of the intracellular antioxidant enzymes heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1). In addition, fermented Laminaria japonica effectively reduces the content of pro-inflammatory factors ILs, TNF-α and MMP-9 secreted by cells. The molecular research results show that fermented Laminaria japonica activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway, increases the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, inhibits the gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors, and alleviates cellular oxidative stress and inflammatory response caused by UVB radiation. Based on the above results, we conclude that fermented Laminaria japonica has stronger antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity than unfermented Laminaria japonica, possesses good safety, and can be developed and used as a functional inflammation reliever. Fermented Laminaria japonica polysaccharide has a more slender morphological structure and more rockulose, with better moisturizing and rheological properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Bioactive Compounds against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation)

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13 pages, 4222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolites Produced by a New Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strain BF1-13 Isolated from Deep Seawater of Izu-Akazawa Protect the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier from the Dysfunction Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide

by Xiaozhen Diao, Katsuhisa Yamada, Yuji Shibata and Chiaki Imada

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(2), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20020087 - 20 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2255

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of the metabolites produced by a new Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain BF1-13, isolated from deep seawater (DSW), on the intestinal epithelial barrier against the dysfunction induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and to [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of the metabolites produced by a new Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain BF1-13, isolated from deep seawater (DSW), on the intestinal epithelial barrier against the dysfunction induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and to elucidate the mechanism underlying the effect. Protective effect of the metabolites by strain BF1-13 on the barrier function of the intestinal epithelial model treated with H₂O₂ was investigated by the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). The metabolites enhanced the Claudin-4 (CLDN-4) expression, including at the transcription level, indicated by immunofluorescence staining and quantitative RT-PCR. The metabolites also showed a suppression of aquaporin3 (AQP3) expression. Lactic acid (LA) produced by this strain of homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) had a similar enhancement on CLDN-4 expression. The metabolites of L. plantarum strain BF1-13 alleviated the dysfunction of intestinal epithelial barrier owing to its enhancement on the tight junctions (TJs) by LA, along with its suppression on AQP3-facilitating H₂O₂ intracellular invasion into Caco-2 cells. This is the first report on the enhancement of TJs by LA produced by LAB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Bioactive Compounds against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation)

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Review

Jump to: Research

45 pages, 859 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microalgae, Seaweeds and Aquatic Bacteria, Archaea, and Yeasts: Sources of Carotenoids with Potential Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Health-Promoting Actions in the Sustainability Era

by Paula Mapelli-Brahm, Patricia Gómez-Villegas, Mariana Lourdes Gonda, Antonio León-Vaz, Rosa León, Jennifer Mildenberger, Céline Rebours, Verónica Saravia, Silvana Vero, Eugenia Vila and Antonio J. Meléndez-Martínez

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(6), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21060340 - 01 Jun 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5828

Abstract

Carotenoids are a large group of health-promoting compounds used in many industrial sectors, such as foods, feeds, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and colorants. Considering the global population growth and environmental challenges, it is essential to find new sustainable sources of carotenoids beyond those obtained [...] Read more.

Carotenoids are a large group of health-promoting compounds used in many industrial sectors, such as foods, feeds, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and colorants. Considering the global population growth and environmental challenges, it is essential to find new sustainable sources of carotenoids beyond those obtained from agriculture. This review focuses on the potential use of marine archaea, bacteria, algae, and yeast as biological factories of carotenoids. A wide variety of carotenoids, including novel ones, were identified in these organisms. The role of carotenoids in marine organisms and their potential health-promoting actions have also been discussed. Marine organisms have a great capacity to synthesize a wide variety of carotenoids, which can be obtained in a renewable manner without depleting natural resources. Thus, it is concluded that they represent a key sustainable source of carotenoids that could help Europe achieve its Green Deal and Recovery Plan. Additionally, the lack of standards, clinical studies, and toxicity analysis reduces the use of marine organisms as sources of traditional and novel carotenoids. Therefore, further research on the processing of marine organisms, the biosynthetic pathways, extraction procedures, and examination of their content is needed to increase carotenoid productivity, document their safety, and decrease costs for their industrial implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Bioactive Compounds against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation)

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26 pages, 4098 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biological Properties and Health-Promoting Functions of Laminarin: A Comprehensive Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies

by Shanmugapriya Karuppusamy, Gaurav Rajauria, Stephen Fitzpatrick, Henry Lyons, Helena McMahon, James Curtin, Brijesh K. Tiwari and Colm O’Donnell

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(12), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20120772 - 10 Dec 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3478

Abstract

Marine algal species comprise of a large portion of polysaccharides which have shown multifunctional properties and health benefits for treating and preventing human diseases. Laminarin, or β-glucan, a storage polysaccharide from brown algae, has been reported to have potential pharmacological properties such as [...] Read more.

Marine algal species comprise of a large portion of polysaccharides which have shown multifunctional properties and health benefits for treating and preventing human diseases. Laminarin, or β-glucan, a storage polysaccharide from brown algae, has been reported to have potential pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-coagulant, anticancer, immunomodulatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and neuroprotective potential. It has been widely investigated as a functional material in biomedical applications as it is biodegradable, biocompatible, and is low toxic substances. The reported preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate the potential of laminarin as natural alternative agents in biomedical and industrial applications such as nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, functional food, drug development/delivery, and cosmeceuticals. This review summarizes the biological activities of laminarin, including mechanisms of action, impacts on human health, and reported health benefits. Additionally, this review also provides an overview of recent advances and identifies gaps and opportunities for further research in this field. It further emphasizes the molecular characteristics and biological activities of laminarin in both preclinical and clinical settings for the prevention of the diseases and as potential therapeutic interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Bioactive Compounds against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation)

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