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A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X). This special issue belongs to the section "Land Socio-Economic and Political Issues".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2021) | Viewed by 36388

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jenny Paulsson

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor

KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
Interests: property rights; 3D real property; 3D cadastre; standardization of rights; land management; real estate planning and development; sustainable urban development; compulsory acquisition

Dr. Jesper M. Paasch

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor

1. Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, University of Gävle, 801 76 Gävle, Sweden
2. Department of Planning, Aalborg University, A. C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark
Interests: 3D cadaster; land management; standardization; urban and rural planning; geodata co-operation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The need for formation, registration, and visualisation of real property rights and other cadastral information in three dimensions (3D) has increased during the last few decades and 3D cadastre is today part of many nations' land administration systems. We have noticed that there is potential for increased research in a multitude of areas related to 3D cadastre, especially concerning legal, organizational, and management issues. This Special Issue will assemble researchers that present innovative methods, novel data analysis, application case studies and insights that can improve our understanding of creation, implementation, use, and management of 3D cadastres, as well as related policies for sustainable land use.

In this Special Issue, we invite papers focusing on, but not limited to, the following topics:

conversion of 3D analogue legal information to digital format
archiving of 3D digital cadastral information
interpretation of 3D boundaries registered in analogue cadastral dossiers
registration and storage of 3D cadastral information
comparative studies of 3D cadastre legislation and/or systems
modeling/mapping spatiotemporal changes in a 3D cadastral system
visualization of 3D boundaries in buildings and other constructions
practical application of 3D property concepts
standardization of 3D property, e.g. using ISO 19152 LADM
3D real property terminology
delimitation and definition of 3D property
cooperation between 3D property unit owners
the role of 3D cadastre for sustainable land use
the role of 3D cadastre in accomplishing mixed cities
sharing of 3D cadastral digital information
stakeholder participation and interaction in a 3D cadastral system

Dr. Jenny Paulsson
Dr. Jesper M. Paasch
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Land is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

3D cadaster
cadastral systems
urban 3D cadaster
visualization
data collection
buildings
legal boundaries

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 4156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Application Domain Extension (ADE) 4D Cadastral Data Model and Its Application in Turkey

by Hicret Gürsoy Sürmeneli, Mila Koeva and Mehmet Alkan

Land 2022, 11(5), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050634 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3011

Abstract

The 3D cadastre, one of the most fundamental components of the 3D LAS (Land Administration System), aims to provide an integrated 3D view of legal (Right, Restrictions, and Responsibilities–RRR) and physical boundaries in multi-storey properties; therefore, to extend the flexible and modular basis of LADM, which best represents legal boundaries and RRRs, some integrated models using technical standards (e.g., CityGML, IFC, InfraGML) are developed to represent the full 3D cadastre. However, since most of the developed 3D integrated data models are designed at the conceptual level, there is a knowledge gap in logical data model relationships, which is the next processing step in the fully integrated 3D data model stage. The main argument of this study is an innovative ADE 4D Cadastral Data Model to represent 3D cadastral objects registration with time attributes using LADM and CityGML. The data management and organization are done in an open-source database for the Turkish cadastral system. This research will discuss two main topics. The first is how to implement a suitable way of realising LADM-based 3D cadastral object registration by focusing on developing the presentation of those cadastral objects to 4D (3D + t), with time attributes in alignment with the jurisdictional framework in Turkey. The second is how the data is managed in an open-source PostgreSQL database. In addition, the usage type of cadastral objects is shown in a CesiumJS, a visualisation platform. Moreover, this study will contribute to eliminating the knowledge gap between the conceptual and logical models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Cadastre)

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22 pages, 9166 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Object Analysis and 3D Spatial Modelling for Uniform Natural Resources in China

by Shen Ying, Chengpeng Li, Naibin Chen, Yizhen Jia, Renzhong Guo and Lin Li

Land 2021, 10(11), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/land10111154 - 29 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1870

Abstract

Natural resource management has entered a new stage in 2018 in the People’s Republic of China (China) marked by the establishment of the Ministry of Natural Resources of China (MNRPRC). More functions and responsibilities are integrated in the MNRPRC to build a uniform management system for full natural resource features in China with the aim of implementing uniform spatial planning and regulation, management, use and control, surveying, and registration for full natural resources. This paper first provides a detailed analysis regarding full natural resources with the perspectives of spatial forms and rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRRs); then, the modelling foundation of the “uniform” concept in natural resource registration is reconsidered. Lastly, we put forward a basic conceptual model for the uniform registration of full natural resources based on LADM (Land Administration Domain Model). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Cadastre)

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26 pages, 9637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formative and Summative Validation of Building Information Model-Based Cadastral Data

by Ali Asghari, Mohsen Kalantari and Abbas Rajabifard

Land 2021, 10(8), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/land10080822 - 05 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3031

Abstract

Among 3D models, Building Information Models (BIM) can potentially support the integrated management of buildings’ physical and legal aspects in cadastres. However, there is not a systematic approach to author the cadastral information into the BIM models. Moreover, the common approaches for data validation only check the final cadastral output, and they ignore the data generation steps as potential avenues for validation. Therefore, this study aims to develop the criteria and standards to check the spatial consistency and integrity of BIM-based cadastral data in the process of generating the data. The paper utilises a case study approach as its methodology to investigate the requirements of generating a BIM-based cadastral model and identify the issues within the process. The results include a formative assessment (i.e., multistep validation approach during the data generation) alongside a summative assessment (i.e., one-step validation approach at the end of data generation). This study found the summative assessment alone insufficient for 3D cadastral data validation. The paper concludes that a formative and summative assessment together can improve the validity of the data. The results will potentially bring more efficiency to modern land administration processes by avoiding the accumulation of errors in 3D cadastral data generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Cadastre)

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17 pages, 3367 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

3D Property Research from a Legal Perspective Revisited

by Jesper M. Paasch and Jenny Paulsson

Land 2021, 10(5), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/land10050494 - 07 May 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3590

Abstract

The concept of 3D cadastre is widespread internationally and part of many nations’ legal infrastructure. Since the publication of a literature survey on 3D cadastre research by Paulsson and Paasch in 2013, there has been a considerable amount of research output and activities in regard to 3D cadastre, which led us to believe that a new investigation of 3D cadastre publications could be of interest. The aim of this study is to analyze the development in 3D cadastre research during the years 2012–2020, focusing on the legal perspective of 3D property. A classification was made into main groups, legal, technical, registration and organizational, also investigating the occurrence of sub-themes such as visualization, BIM and standardization. The results of other literature studies on 3D cadastre research were compared with the outcome of this study. The number of identified publications during the analyzed years was 530. The study showed that the number of publications on legal topics has increased, but in relation to the other groups is still rather low. The 3D cadastre research community could benefit from the inclusion of the legal perspective in publications from other main groups, along with an increased focus on international comparative studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Cadastre)

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23 pages, 26124 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of 3D Spatial Database Enabled IT Framework for Land Agencies: Case Studies of Delhi, India and Prague, Czech Republic

by Tarun Ghawana, Karel Janečka and Sisi Zlatanova

Land 2021, 10(3), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/land10030248 - 01 Mar 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2825

Abstract

Rapid urbanization has led vertical infrastructural growth in different countries with differing economic development levels and social systems. The two cities, Prague and Delhi, are the capital cities of their respective countries and have significant vertical developments. However, the two cities represent the urban areas from countries having different economic development levels. The land agencies need to keep monitoring and managing the developments in a city. The paper proposes a conceptual 3D spatial database enabled IT framework for land agencies. A monostrand multiple case study approach reviews the current practices, existing spatial data systems and programmes with 3D components, initiatives taken to create digital spatial database and potential for 3D spatial database in the two cities. The policy drivers for creation and use of 3D spatial database for land agencies are presented. The current legal and planning landscape and the institutional arrangements related to land and property development have been studied considering the scope for the development of 3D data. Further, a conceptual 3D spatial database enabled IT framework for better land administration, planning, development and management functioning is proposed. The proposed framework can make a difference providing interconnectivity, ease of access and usage, time and cost efficiency, enhanced organizational coordination and spatial data information-based decision-making process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Cadastre)

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26 pages, 9575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Making the Third Dimension (3D) Explicit in Hedonic Price Modelling: A Case Study of Xi’an, China

by Yue Ying, Mila Koeva, Monika Kuffer, Kwabena Obeng Asiama, Xia Li and Jaap Zevenbergen

Land 2021, 10(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/land10010024 - 30 Dec 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3994

Abstract

Recent rapid population growth and increasing urbanisation have led to fast vertical developments in urban areas. Therefore, in the context of the dynamic property market, factors related to the third dimension (3D) need to be considered. Current hedonic price modelling (HPM) studies have little explicit consideration for the third dimension, which may have a significant influence on modelling property values in complex urban environments. Therefore, our research aims to narrow the cognitive gap of the missing third dimension by assessing both 2D and 3D HPM and identifying important 3D factors for spatial analysis and visualisation in the selected study area, Xi’an, China. The statistical methods we used for 2D HPM are ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR). In 2D HPM, they both have very low R² (0.111 in OLS and 0.217 in GWR), showing a very limited generalisation potential. However, a significant improvement is observed when adding 3D factors, namely view quality, sky view factor (SVF), sunlight and property orientation. The obtained higher R² (0.414) shows the importance of the third dimension or—3D factors for HPM. Our findings demonstrate the necessity to include such factors into HPM and to develop 3D models with a higher level of details (LoD) to serve more purposes such as fair property taxation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Cadastre)

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16 pages, 5776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing a UML Model for the 3D Cadastre in Poland

by Jarosław Bydłosz and Agnieszka Bieda

Land 2020, 9(11), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9110466 - 20 Nov 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3378

Abstract

The UML model of a land and building cadastre is defined in current Polish legal regulations. Its main part is the UML application schema that defines relationships between the main cadastral objects in sixteen diagrams. These objects—cadastral parcels, buildings and (independent) premises—are essentially 2D objects. Their relationships with other cadastral objects are compared and analysed in this paper. The UML model is built to supplement the application scheme of the traditional cadastral model with three new objects that are the equivalents of the main cadastral objects in 3D: ‘Cadastral Parcel 3D’, ‘Building Legal Space 3D’ and ‘Premises 3D’. Although the first two have been defined in earlier publications, this paper defines ‘Premises 3D’. Objects such as ‘Building Common Part 3D’ and ‘Building Part of Non-Extracted Premises 3D’ are proposed. The relationships among new 3D cadastral objects and objects of traditional cadastre are presented in three new diagrams. The authors propose that these new diagrams are added to the current cadastral model. It could be the foundation for building a future 3D cadastral model in Poland. In the authors’ opinion, the applied methodology may also be used in various legal systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Cadastre)

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20 pages, 2714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Cadastral Situation in Ecuador: Analysis to Determine the Degree of Proximity of the Cadastral Systems to the 3D Cadastral Model

by Julia Velastegui-Cáceres, Víctor M. Rodríguez-Espinosa and Oswaldo Padilla-Almeida

Land 2020, 9(10), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9100357 - 27 Sep 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2899

Abstract

As 3D cadastres offer advantages in several areas by providing information with greater accuracy and a high level of detail, a diagnosis of the cadastral situation is required prior to the implementation of a 3D cadastral model. Therefore, this study focuses on diagnosing the urban cadastral situation in Ecuador based on an analysis of eight cantonal decentralized autonomous governments that were selected primarily for the availability of their cadastral information. The twelve characteristics included in the analysis supported the definition of a cadastral development scale based on the fulfillment of each characteristic. The official cadastral databases, meetings, and interviews with personnel related to the cadastres were used in the analysis to gain in-depth knowledge of the situation in each canton. The findings demonstrated that most cantons had similar characteristics and are at an intermediate level of cadastral development. Therefore, there is the need for cantons to have standardized cadastral information in accordance with national and international regulations. Thus, in this research, we developed an initial Ecuadorian land administration domain model country profile to initiate the transition towards 3D cadastre. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Cadastre)

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17 pages, 2359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

3D Digital Representation of Cadastral Data in Turkey—Apartments Case

by Fatih Döner and Samet Şirin

Land 2020, 9(6), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9060179 - 01 Jun 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4195

Abstract

With the widespread use of three-dimensional (3D) geographic information technologies, studies for 3D digital representation of property units in cadasters have increased in recent years. In Turkey, a project named 3D City Models and Cadasters was initiated by the General Directorate of Land Registries and Cadasters in 2018. With this project, which is planned to last four years, it aims to create 3D models of individual units (apartments) in buildings and provide visual representations of these individual units with legal information. Transition from the current 2D representation towards a 3D digital cadaster requires not only replacing analog drawings with 3D models but also examining the workflow for forming the property units. In this study, the process of registration of property rights for individual units is examined and possibilities and challenges for successful completion of the 3D cadaster project are evaluated from a legal, an organizational, and a technical point of view. Government plays a lead role by adopting the digital transformation as a state policy. However, new regulations and organizational settings may have to be introduced. Modeling and visualization alternatives for 3D data should be studied further. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Cadastre)

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Review

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22 pages, 839 KiB

Open AccessReview

Public Law Restrictions in the Context of 3D Land Administration—Review on Legal and Technical Approaches

by Dimitrios Kitsakis, Eftychia Kalogianni and Efi Dimopoulou

Land 2022, 11(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11010088 - 06 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2728

Abstract

Intense exploitation of land implies the development of multi-level, multi-purpose, overlapping and interlocking structures on 3D space, thus resulting in complex, stratified, 3D real property rights between individual owners, as well as restrictions. Legislation regulates the ownership status and use of land by imposing restrictions known as Public Law Restrictions (PLRs). PLRs extend to various fields and various legislative frameworks, such as the protection of archaeological sites, protection and maintenance of underground infrastructures and utilities, environmental protection, flying of unmanned air vehicles, etc. PLRs are usually investigated in the context of property rights and restrictions in the various Land Administration Systems worldwide, and do not often gain specific attention. However, it is noticed that the restrictions that arise from Public Law need to be investigated and classified, so that they can be better utilised in the property status of land ownership. This review paper investigates the legal statutes on PLRs within the context of 3D land administration and the stipulations used to provide unambiguous modelling of PLRs, as provided by the relative literature. Moreover, the PLRs applied in the 3D space, to clearly depict rights, restrictions and responsibilities on the relevant spatial unit (land, air, marine parcel, mine, utility network, etc.), are particularly examined. Therefore, this work is to critically review and assess the aforementioned approaches on PLRs’ registration, modelling and organisation, as provided by a literature survey, and provides an overall view of the requirements and challenges within the development of 3D Land Administration Systems also considering standardisation developments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Cadastre)

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