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Marine Biologically Active Compounds as Feed Additives
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Marine Biologically Active Compounds as Feed Additives

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2020) | Viewed by 45707

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Izabela Michalak

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Guest Editor
Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
Interests: the technology of waste biomass management for products for agriculture; biosorption/bioaccumulation of metal ions by biomass; production of feed additives/components of fertilizers with microelements via biosorption; biosorption of toxic metal ions from wastewater; composting of biomass; extraction of biologically active compounds from algae; the technology of algal extracts and their potential applications in agriculture (plant growth biostimulants, dietary feed supplements); production of algal biochar via pyrolysis and its properties; germination tests; pot experiments; field trials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The purpose of this Special Issue is to publish high-quality research papers as well as review articles addressing the recent advances in the use of marine bioactives in animal nutrition. The marine environment constitutes a relatively untapped source of biologically active compounds that can be applied in various areas, such as improvement of animal performance, health maintenance, and diseases prevention. Numerous marine-based compounds isolated from marine organisms (algae, invertebrates, vertebrates, microorganisms) have diverse biological activities, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, etc., that can be beneficial to animal health. Additionally, the application of marine bioactives as feed additives can increase the nutritional value of products of animal origin. The optimal use of marine resources in feeds/feed additives also requires their suitable processing, including the application of novel extraction techniques that will protect the bioactives from degradation. Topics concerning the development and the production of innovative, natural feed/feed additives that will improve animal health and performance are also welcomed.

Dr. Izabela Michalak
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 3360 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Effects of Selected, Cultivated Red Seaweeds and Their Components in Combination with Tetracycline, against Poultry Pathogen Salmonella Enteritidis
by Garima Kulshreshtha, Alan Critchley, Bruce Rathgeber, Glenn Stratton, Arjun H. Banskota, Jeff Hafting and Balakrishnan Prithiviraj
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070511 - 12 Jul 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3109
Abstract
Poultry and its products are an economical source of high-quality protein for human consumption. In animal agriculture, antibiotics are used as therapeutic agents to treat disease in livestock, or as prophylactics to prevent disease and in so doing enhance production. However, the extensive [...] Read more.
Poultry and its products are an economical source of high-quality protein for human consumption. In animal agriculture, antibiotics are used as therapeutic agents to treat disease in livestock, or as prophylactics to prevent disease and in so doing enhance production. However, the extensive use of antibiotics in livestock husbandry has come at the cost of increasingly drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. This highlights an urgent need to find effective alternatives to be used to treat infections, particularly in poultry and especially caused by drug-resistant Salmonella strains. In this study, we describe the combined effect of extracts of the red seaweeds Chondrus crispus (CC) and Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii (SG) and compounds isolated from these in combinations with industry standard antibiotics (i.e., tetracycline and streptomycin) against Salmonella Enteritidis. Streptomycin exhibited the higher antimicrobial activity against S. Enteritidis, as compared to tetracycline with a MIC25 and MIC50 of 1.00 and 1.63 μg/mL, respectively. The addition of a water extract of CC at a concentration of 200 µg/mL in addition to tetracycline significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity (log CFU/mL 4.7 and 4.5 at MIC25 and MIC50, respectively). SG water extract, at 400 and 800 µg/mL (p = 0.05, n = 9), also in combination with tetracycline, showed complete inhibition of bacterial growth. Combinations of floridoside (a purified red seaweed component) and tetracycline (MIC25 and MIC50) in vitro revealed that only the lower concentration (i.e., 15 μg/mL) of floridoside potentiated the activity of tetracycline. Sub-lethal concentrations of tetracycline (MIC50 and MIC25), in combination with floridoside, exhibited antimicrobial activities that were comparable to full-strength tetracycline (23 μg/mL). Furthermore, the relative transcript levels of efflux-related genes of S. Enteritidis, namely marA, arcB and ramA, were significantly repressed by the combined treatment of floridoside and tetracycline, as compared to control MIC treatments (MIC25 and MIC50). Taken together, these findings demonstrated that the red seaweeds CC and SG and their selected, purified components can be used to increase the lifetime of existing, patented antibiotics and can also help to reduce costly (economic and environmental) therapeutic and prophylactic use of antibiotics in poultry. To our knowledge, this is the first report of antibiotic potentiation of existing industry standard antibiotics using red seaweeds and their selected extracts against S. Enteritidis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biologically Active Compounds as Feed Additives)
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12 pages, 527 KiB  
Article
Effect of Marine Macroalga Enteromorpha sp. Enriched with Zn(II) and Cu(II) ions on the Digestibility, Meat Quality and Carcass Characteristics of Growing Pigs
by Izabela Michalak, Katarzyna Chojnacka and Daniel Korniewicz
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(5), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8050347 - 13 May 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1861
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of macroalga Enteromorpha sp. enriched with Zn(II) and Cu(II) ions on daily amounts of feces and urine excreted by growing pigs, apparent fecal nutrient digestibility and daily nitrogen balance and retention, meat quality and the slaughter value [...] Read more.
In the present study, the effect of macroalga Enteromorpha sp. enriched with Zn(II) and Cu(II) ions on daily amounts of feces and urine excreted by growing pigs, apparent fecal nutrient digestibility and daily nitrogen balance and retention, meat quality and the slaughter value of carcasses was examined. The duration of feeding experiments was 87 days. In the control group, the requirement for zinc and copper was covered by inorganic salts, whereas in the experimental group algae enriched with these elements via biosorption were supplemented. No effect of Enteromorpha sp. on the increase in digestibility of dry matter, dry organic matter, crude protein, crude fat and nitrogen-free extractives was observed. Statistically significant differences concerned only the digestibility of crude ash. The daily amount of excreted feces and urine did not differ significantly between groups. Meat from pigs in the algal group was characterized by a lower water absorption and drip loss and contained less fat and more protein than meat from the control group. Furthermore, a slight darkening of the meat was observed. The weight of the liver was lower in pigs from the algal group. Enriched macroalga Enteromorpha sp. may be introduced into pig nutrition as a feed material as an alternative to inorganic salts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biologically Active Compounds as Feed Additives)
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Review

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28 pages, 1155 KiB  
Review
Seaweeds, Intact and Processed, as a Valuable Component of Poultry Feeds
by Izabela Michalak and Khalid Mahrose
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(8), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080620 - 18 Aug 2020
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6730
Abstract
Poultry production is an important area of the agricultural economy. Nowadays, there is an interest in novel sources of feed additives that will improve production performance and poultry health. As an easily available and renewable biomass rich in biologically active compounds, seaweeds can [...] Read more.
Poultry production is an important area of the agricultural economy. Nowadays, there is an interest in novel sources of feed additives that will improve production performance and poultry health. As an easily available and renewable biomass rich in biologically active compounds, seaweeds can meet this demand. Different forms of seaweeds–seaweed powder from naturally occurring biomass, cultivated or waste biomass, extracted compounds, post-extraction residues or liquid extracts–may be used in poultry feeding. Inclusion of this unconventional material in the poultry nutrition can positively influence the poultry performance along with its health and enrich poultry products with active compounds, such as micro- and macroelements, polyunsaturated fatty acids and pigments. Seaweeds also reduce lipids and cholesterol in eggs. Moreover, due to their unique properties, they can serve as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. This review presents the latest developments in the use of seaweeds in poultry nutrition, as well as its limitations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biologically Active Compounds as Feed Additives)
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15 pages, 319 KiB  
Review
The Animal Kingdom, Agriculture⋯ and Seaweeds
by Melania L. Cornish, Michéal Mac Monagail and Alan T. Critchley
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(8), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080574 - 30 Jul 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3949
Abstract
Marine macroalgae (seaweeds), are amongst the first multicellular organisms and, as such, the precursors to land plants. By the time ‘land’ animals arrived on the scene, terrestrial plants were plentiful and varied, and herbivorous diets developed in concert with the food sources most [...] Read more.
Marine macroalgae (seaweeds), are amongst the first multicellular organisms and, as such, the precursors to land plants. By the time ‘land’ animals arrived on the scene, terrestrial plants were plentiful and varied, and herbivorous diets developed in concert with the food sources most commonly available. However, skip forward several hundred millennia, and with the advent of agriculture, approximately 10,000 years ago, dietary diversity began to change. Today, the world is experiencing increasingly higher rates of debilitating, non-communicable diseases—might there be a connection? This paper reviews scientific evidence for the judicious use of various seaweeds in the reduction of heat stress, enhanced immunity, improved growth performance, and methane reduction in animals. The extensive, (super) prebiotic effects of selected macroalgae will also be highlighted. Key studies conducted across the animal kingdom provide considerable support that there is an overwhelming need for the guided and wise applications of increased usage of selected seaweeds in feed, food and supplements. Particular attention will be paid to the bioactive components, and nutraceutical qualities, of various seaweeds, i.e., the brown, Saccharina (Laminaria) spp. and Ascophyllum nodosum, and the red alga Chondrus crispus. Suggestions are put forward for benefits to be derived from their further applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biologically Active Compounds as Feed Additives)
24 pages, 338 KiB  
Review
Seaweed Potential in the Animal Feed: A Review
by Tiago Morais, Ana Inácio, Tiago Coutinho, Mariana Ministro, João Cotas, Leonel Pereira and Kiril Bahcevandziev
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(8), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080559 - 25 Jul 2020
Cited by 155 | Viewed by 21089
Abstract
Seaweed (known as marine algae) has a tradition of being part of the animal feed in the coastal areas, from ancient times. Seaweeds, are mixed with animal feed, because when consumed alone can have negative impact on animals. Thus, seaweeds are very rich [...] Read more.
Seaweed (known as marine algae) has a tradition of being part of the animal feed in the coastal areas, from ancient times. Seaweeds, are mixed with animal feed, because when consumed alone can have negative impact on animals. Thus, seaweeds are very rich in useful metabolites (pigments, carotenoids, phlorotannins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, agar, alginate and carrageenan) and minerals (iodine, zinc, sodium, calcium, manganese, iron, selenium), being considered as a natural source of additives that can substitute the antibiotic usage in various animals. In this review, we describe the nutritional values of seaweeds and the seaweed effects in the seaweed-based animal feed/supplements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biologically Active Compounds as Feed Additives)
32 pages, 2640 KiB  
Review
A Review of the Varied Uses of Macroalgae as Dietary Supplements in Selected Poultry with Special Reference to Laying Hen and Broiler Chickens
by Garima Kulshreshtha, Maxwell T. Hincke, Balakrishnan Prithiviraj and Alan Critchley
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070536 - 19 Jul 2020
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 8357
Abstract
Seaweeds comprise ca. 12,000 species. Global annual harvest is ca. 30.13 million metric tonnes, (valued ca. $11.7 billion USD in 2016) for various commercial applications. The growing scope of seaweed-based applications in food, agricultural fertilizers, animal feed additives, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and personal care [...] Read more.
Seaweeds comprise ca. 12,000 species. Global annual harvest is ca. 30.13 million metric tonnes, (valued ca. $11.7 billion USD in 2016) for various commercial applications. The growing scope of seaweed-based applications in food, agricultural fertilizers, animal feed additives, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and personal care is expected to boost market demand. Agriculture and animal feed applications held the second largest seaweed market share in 2017, and the combined market is anticipated to reach much higher values by 2024 due to the impacts of current research and development targeting enhanced animal health and productivity. In general, seaweeds have been utilized in animal feed as a rich source of carbohydrates, protein, minerals, vitamins and dietary fibers with relatively well-balanced amino acid profiles and a unique blend of bioactive compounds. Worldwide, the animal nutrition market is largely driven by rising demand for poultry feeds, which represents ca. 47% of the total consumption for all animal nutrition. This review provides an overview of the utilization of specific seaweeds as sustainable feed sources for poultry production, including a detailed survey of seaweed-supplemented diets on growth, performance, gastrointestinal flora, disease, immunity and overall health of laying/broiler hens. Anti-microbial effects of seaweeds are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biologically Active Compounds as Feed Additives)
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