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A special issue of Journal of Functional Biomaterials (ISSN 2079-4983). This special issue belongs to the section "Dental Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 20267

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Saulius Drukteinis

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Institute of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
Interests: engine-driven root canal instruments; root canal filling materials; hydraulic calcium silicate cement
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Sivaprakash Rajasekharan

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Guest Editor

Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Oral Health Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Interests: dental; silicate cement; Medline; endodontics dentistry; pediatric dentistry
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Dr. Matthias Widbiller

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Guest Editor

Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
Interests: endodontics; dental pulp; dental pulp stem cells; tissue engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is a great pleasure to welcome you to contribute to this Special Issue on “Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications”. During the last few decades, many new instruments and materials have been developed and introduced to the market. Along with these innovations, the new, more clinically appealing, and promising techniques of root canal cleaning, shaping, and obturation were introduced to increase the success rates of endodontic treatment, retreatment, and survival of endodontically treated teeth.

This Special Issue of the Journal of Functional Biomaterials will cover different topics of new biomaterials developed for endodontic application: materials for disinfection/irrigation of the root canal system, temporary and permanent endoaccess and root canal filling, management of endodontic complications, regenerative endodontics, or endodontic surgery.

This Special Issue will accept and publish high-quality original articles, short communications, and review articles in the field of modern endodontic materials. In addition, papers presenting results of in vitro, in vivo or clinical studies are all welcomed.

Prof. Dr. Saulius Drukteinis
Prof. Dr. Sivaprakash Rajasekharan
Dr. Matthias Widbiller
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Functional Biomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

sealers
bioceramic
biomaterials
nanomaterials
irrigants
endodontic materials
regenerative endodontics
endodontic complications
endodontic surgery
root canal filling
tricalcium silicates
bioactive materials
pediatric endodontic materials

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 197 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications: Current Status and Future Directions

by Saulius Drukteinis, Sivaprakash Rajasekharan and Matthias Widbiller

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15020031 - 26 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1695

Abstract

Endodontics has significantly evolved in recent years, with advancements in instruments, biomaterials and nanomaterials science playing a pivotal role [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications)

Research

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11 pages, 2588 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Microleakage Evaluation of Temporary Restorations Used in Endodontic Treatment—An Ex Vivo Study

by Siri Paulo, Ana Margarida Abrantes, Mariana Xavier, Ana Filipa Brito, Ricardo Teixo, Ana Sofia Coelho, Anabela Paula, Eunice Carrilho, Maria Filomena Botelho, Carlos Miguel Marto and Manuel Marques Ferreira

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(5), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14050264 - 09 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2313

Abstract

(1) Background: Coronal microleakage can lead to endodontic treatment failure. This study aimed to compare the sealing ability of different temporary restorative materials used during endodontic treatment. (2) Methods: Eighty sheep incisors were collected, uniformized in length, and access cavities were performed, except for in the negative control group, where the teeth were left intact. The teeth were divided into six different groups. In the positive control group, the access cavity was made and left empty. In the experimental groups, access cavities were restored with three different temporary materials (IRM^®, Ketac™ Silver, and Cavit™) and with a definitive restorative material (Filtek Supreme™). The teeth were submitted to thermocycling, and two and four weeks later, they were infiltrated with ^99mTcNaO₄, and nuclear medicine imaging was performed. (3) Results: Filtek Supreme™ obtained the lowest infiltration values. Regarding the temporary materials, at two weeks, Ketac™ Silver presented the lowest infiltration, followed by IRM^®, whereas Cavit™ presented the highest infiltration. At four weeks, Ketac™ Silver remained with the lowest values, whereas Cavit™ decreased the infiltration, comparable to IRM^®. (4) Conclusion: Regarding temporary materials, Ketac™ Silver had the lowest infiltration at 2 and 4 weeks, whereas the highest infiltration was found in the Cavit™ group at two weeks and in the IRM^® group at 4 weeks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications)

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21 pages, 4079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Intracoronal Sealing Biomaterials on the Histological Outcome of Endodontic Revitalisation in Immature Sheep Teeth—A Pilot Study

by Elanagai Rathinam, Sivaprakash Rajasekharan, Heidi Declercq, Christian Vanhove, Peter De Coster and Luc Martens

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(4), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14040214 - 11 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1548

Abstract

The influence of intracoronal sealing biomaterials on the newly formed regenerative tissue after endodontic revitalisation therapy remains unexplored. The objective of this study was to compare the gene expression profiles of two different tricalcium silicate-based biomaterials alongside the histological outcomes of endodontic revitalisation therapy in immature sheep teeth. The messenger RNA expression of TGF-β, BMP2, BGLAP, VEGFA, WNT5A, MMP1, TNF-α and SMAD6 was evaluated after 1 day with qRT-PCR. For evaluation of histological outcomes, revitalisation therapy was performed using Biodentine (n = 4) or ProRoot white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) (n = 4) in immature sheep according to the European Society of Endodontology position statement. After 6 months’ follow-up, one tooth in the Biodentine group was lost to avulsion. Histologically, extent of inflammation, presence or absence of tissue with cellularity and vascularity inside the pulp space, area of tissue with cellularity and vascularity, length of odontoblast lining attached to the dentinal wall, number and area of blood vessels and area of empty root canal space were measured by two independent investigators. All continuous data were subjected to statistical analysis using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test at a significance level of p < 0.05. Biodentine and ProRoot WMTA upregulated the genes responsible for odontoblast differentiation, mineralisation and angiogenesis. Biodentine induced the formation of a significantly larger area of neoformed tissue with cellularity, vascularity and increased length of odontoblast lining attached to the dentinal walls compared to ProRoot WMTA (p < 0.05), but future studies with larger sample size and adequate power as estimated by the results of this pilot study would confirm the effect of intracoronal sealing biomaterials on the histological outcome of endodontic revitalisation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications)

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16 pages, 8625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of Endodontic Disinfection Protocols in an E. faecalis Biofilm Model—Using DAPI Staining and SEM

by Maria Dede, Sabine Basche, Jörg Neunzehn, Martin Dannemann, Christian Hannig and Marie-Theres Kühne

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(4), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14040176 - 23 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1791

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of different disinfection protocols in a novel Enterococcus faecalis biofilm model based on a visualization method and to evaluate the potential alteration of dentinal surface. A total of 120 extracted human premolars were allocated to 6 groups with different irrigation protocols. The assessment of the effectiveness of each protocol and the alteration of dentinal surface were visualized by using SEM and fluorescence microscopy (DAPI). A dense E. faecalis biofilm with a penetration depth of 289 μm (medial part of the root canal) and 93 μm (apical part) validated that the biofilm model had been successfully implemented. A significant difference between the 3% NaOCl groups and all the other groups in both observed parts of the root canal (p < 0.05) was detected. However, the SEM analysis revealed that the dentinal surface in the 3% NaOCl groups was severely altered. The established biofilm model and the visualization method based on DAPI are appropriate for bacterial quantification and evaluation of the depth effect of different disinfection protocols in the root canal system. The combination of 3% NaOCl with 20% EDTA or MTAD with PUI allows the decontamination of deeper dentine zones within the root canal but simultaneously alters the dentinal surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications)

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10 pages, 1110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Mass Spectroscopy-Based Method for Assessing the Periodontal–Endodontic Interface after Intracanal Placement of Biomaterials In Vitro

by Andreas Braun, Michael Berthold, Patricia Buttler, Joanna Glock and Johannes-Simon Wenzler

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(4), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14040175 - 23 Mar 2023

Viewed by 994

Abstract

Optimizing the interface between biomaterials and dental hard tissues can prevent leakage of bacteria or inflammatory mediators into periapical tissues and thus avoid alveolar bone inflammation. In this study, an analysis system for testing the periodontal–endodontic interface using gas leakage and subsequent mass spectrometry was developed and validated using the roots of 15 single-rooted teeth in four groups: (I) roots without root canal filling, (II) roots with an inserted gutta-percha post without sealer, (III) roots with gutta-percha post and sealer, (IV) roots filled with sealer only, and (V) adhesively covered roots. Helium was used as the test gas, and its leakage rate was found by measuring the rising ion current using mass spectrometry. This system made it possible to differentiate between the leakage rates of tooth specimens with different fillings. Roots without filling showed the highest leakage values (p < 0.05). Specimens with a gutta-percha post without sealer showed statistically significantly higher leakage values than groups with a filling of gutta-percha and sealer or sealer alone (p < 0.05). This study shows that a standardized analysis system can be developed for periodontal–endodontic interfaces to prevent biomaterials and tissue degradation products from affecting the surrounding alveolar bone tissue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications)

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11 pages, 1825 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Cytotoxicity of V-Prep Versus Phosphoric Acid Etchant on Oral Gingival Fibroblasts

by Victor Ghoubril, Sylvie Changotade, Didier Lutomski, Joseph Ghoubril, Carole Chakar, Maher Abboud, Louis Hardan, Naji Kharouf and Elie Khoury

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040266 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1755

Abstract

The most used etchant in dental daily practice is the phosphoric acid (P.A.; 37%). However, acid etchants can induce necrosis on the oral mucosa and cause the ulceration of periodontal tissue when a rubber dam is not used. V-prep is a new practical alternative, and it has satisfactory results. It is used as a preparation before the application of a resin-modified glass ionomer composite (RMGIC) to bond the orthodontic brackets. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the V-prep on oral gingival fibroblasts cells by comparing the cell damage and cell viability after the use of V-prep and a conventional phosphoric acid etchant with different application times and concentrations. Therefore, Gingival fibroblasts passage 6 (GFP6) was grown and treated with an acid etchant and V-prep at three different concentrations (1:1, 1:2 and 1:10) for two different application durations (30 s and 1 min). The morphological changes, cell death and cell viability were assessed. Pyknosis, karyolysis, nucleus reversible and irreversible damages and membrane destruction were observed for both of the etchants at the higher concentrations and longer application durations. Mann–Whitney U-tests were used for the statistical analyses. The application of the V-prep for 30 s showed better values than the acid etchant did in the cell damage analysis and cell viability analysis (p = 0.03). V-prep at a 1:10 concentration applied for a 30 s duration can preserve the viability of gingival fibroblasts cells up to 100%. The toxicity of V-prep is equal or lower than the toxicity of the acid etchant that is commonly used in dentistry. Thus, the V-prep can be used with precautions intra-orally, and it should be applied on the enamel as a gel for 30 s only before it is rinsed and removed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications)

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9 pages, 2353 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Effects of Various Irrigating Solutions on Chemical Structure of Root Canal Dentin Using FTIR, SEM, and EDS: An In Vitro Study

by Indu Padmakumar, Dharam Hinduja, Abdul Mujeeb, Raghu Kachenahalli Narasimhaiah, Ashwini Kumar Saraswathi, Mubashir Baig Mirza, Ali Robaian, Syed Nahid Basheer, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari and Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040197 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1509

Abstract

Background: Sequential chemical application for irrigating a root canal during chemomechanical debridement can affect the dentin microstructure. Understanding the effects of various irrigants on chemical properties of dentin can elucidate their effects on physical properties and thereby explain the higher incidence of structural failure in endodontically treated teeth. This in vitro research aimed to compare and evaluate the effects of three different irrigating solutions on the chemical structure of root canal dentin in extracted human teeth. Methods: Forty-eight extracted single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were sectioned at the cemento–enamel junction by a diamond disc and were then randomly assigned to four groups of twelve samples each. The groups were irrigated using 5.25% NaOCl, ozonated olive oil, silver citrate, or distilled water. Dentin sections measuring 1.5 mm were obtained from the root portion and each section and were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). FTIR and EDS values are reported as means ± standard deviations. Data were analyzed using an ANOVA and a post hoc Bonferroni test (p < 0.05). Results: A comparison of the FTIR and EDS values among the groups using ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in the organic and inorganic peak values among the groups. An intergroup comparison between NaOCl with silver citrate and ozonated olive oil revealed significant reductions in the carbonate and phosphate peak values in the NaOCl group (p < 0.05). The EDS values tabulated for the carbon, oxygen, phosphorous, and calcium peak levels showed significant differences between the groups using an ANOVA. An SEM analysis was conducted under 1500× magnification, which revealed smear layer removal in the silver citrate group. Conclusions: The silver citrate solution and the ozonated olive oil caused less changes in the organic and mineral contents of dentin than sodium hypochlorite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications)

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11 pages, 2305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Conventional and Two Premixed Root Canal Filling Materials in Primary Teeth

by Claire El Hachem, Jean Claude Abou Chedid, Walid Nehme, Marc Krikor Kaloustian, Nabil Ghosn, Hafsa Sahnouni, Davide Mancino, Youssef Haikel and Naji Kharouf

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(4), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040177 - 06 Oct 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1940

Abstract

In this study, some physicochemical and antibacterial properties of three root canal filling materials for primary teeth, Calplus “CP” (Prevest DenPro, Lewes, DE, USA), Bio-C Pulpecto “Bio-CP” (Angelus, Basil, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil), and Zinc Oxide and Eugenol “ZOE” (Prevest DenPro, Lewes, DE, USA) were compared. For each material, the pH, solubility, contact angle, and crystalline microstructure under SEM were evaluated. Their antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis was determined through direct tests. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to analyze the results using a one-way analysis of variance on ranks. All the materials had an alkaline pH at 3, 24, and 72 h, with CalPlus having the highest (p < 0.05). Bio-CP was more soluble during the evaluation period (24 h) than ZOE and CalPlus (p < 0.05). Bio-CP and ZOE demonstrated the creation of crystallite structures on their surfaces after immersion in PBS at 37 °C, whereas CalPlus showed none. The lowest contact angle was observed for Bio-CP (53 ± 1.5°); contact angles of (86 ± 4°) and (96 ± 1°), respectively, were observed after 10 s of the deposition of the water drop for CalPlus and ZOE. In conclusion, according to this study, there is still a need to develop new filling materials for primary teeth. ZOE, CalPlus and Bio-CP demonstrated different physicochemical and antibacterial properties, but none of the materials had optimal properties and could be considered the most suitable filling material for primary teeth pulpectomy. Bioceramics in their current state are not an alternative. The physicochemical and antibacterial properties still need improvement to fit the intricate anatomy of primary teeth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications)

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11 pages, 1344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cytotoxicity and Efficacy in Debris and Smear Layer Removal of HOCl-Based Irrigating Solution: An In Vitro Study

by Goda Bilvinaite, Ruta Zongolaviciute, Saulius Drukteinis, Virginija Bukelskiene and Elisabetta Cotti

J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13(3), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13030095 - 15 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1925

Abstract

In the present study we evaluated the cytotoxicity of super-oxidized water on human gingival fibroblasts and its efficacy in debris and smear layer removal from root canal walls. Cultured gingival fibroblasts were exposed to super-oxidized water (Sterilox), which was diluted in Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium (IMDM) at 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% concentrations. The control group was maintained in IMDM. The cell viability was evaluated by means of an MTT assay after incubation periods of 1 h, 2 h, 24 h and 48 h. Pathological cellular changes were also observed under fluorescence and phase contrast microscopes. The efficacy in debris and smear layer removal was evaluated in comparison to the conventional application of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Forty maxillary premolars were randomly divided into two equal groups (n = 20) and shaped with ProTaper NEXT rotary instruments using Sterilox or NaOCl/EDTA for irrigation. Afterwards, roots were split longitudinally and examined under a scanning electron microscope. The results revealed that super-oxidized water and sterile distilled water have acceptable biological properties for endodontic applications at concentrations up to 50% (p > 0.05). Moreover, super-oxidized water is equally effective in debris and smear layer removal as compared to NaOCl/EDTA (p > 0.05). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications)

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Review

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28 pages, 8451 KiB

Open AccessReview

Engineering Dental Tissues Using Biomaterials with Piezoelectric Effect: Current Progress and Future Perspectives

by Sumanta Ghosh, Wei Qiao, Zhengbao Yang, Santiago Orrego and Prasanna Neelakantan

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010008 - 22 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3476

Abstract

Dental caries and traumatic injuries to teeth may cause irreversible inflammation and eventual death of the dental pulp. Nevertheless, predictably, repair and regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex remain a formidable challenge. In recent years, smart multifunctional materials with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and pro-regenerative properties have emerged as promising approaches to meet this critical clinical need. As a unique class of smart materials, piezoelectric materials have an unprecedented advantage over other stimuli-responsive materials due to their inherent capability to generate electric charges, which have been shown to facilitate both antimicrobial action and tissue regeneration. Nonetheless, studies on piezoelectric biomaterials in the repair and regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex remain limited. In this review, we summarize the biomedical applications of piezoelectric biomaterials in dental applications and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to the biological effect of piezoelectricity. Moreover, we highlight how this state-of-the-art can be further exploited in the future for dental tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications)

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