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Clinical Update on Metabolic Syndrome

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A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Endocrinology & Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2022) | Viewed by 11589

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Prof. Dr. Ebrahim Naderali

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Guest Editor

Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome, School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
Interests: obesity; diabetes; metabolic syndrome; cardiovascular diseases; diabetes and cognitive function

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over the past three decades, obesity at the global level has been increasing alarmingly and is now considered a major global health concern contributing to a significant premature morbidity and mortality in adults. Moreover, the rate of increase in childhood obesity has also been accelerating rapidly. In the UK, 2/3 of adults and 1 in 5 five children at ages 4–5 are overweight or obese, increasing to over 1 in 3 at ages 10–11, clearly underlining the scale of the problem associated with overweight and obesity. Obesity and being overweight is a risk factor for several chronic diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, certain types of cancer, fatty liver disease, kidney disease, sleep apnoea and osteoarthritis, as well as increased risk of depression, anxiety, and social isolation.

A triad of central obesity, hypertension, and diabetes (insulin resistance) is commonly termed as the metabolic syndrome. However, its diagnosis is somewhat ambiguous and subject to controversy with the inclusion of triglyceride and HDL levels as diagnostic markers. Nonetheless, obesity is the primary risk for metabolic syndrome followed by age and ethnicity and background diseases, such as cardiovascular, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or polycystic ovary syndrome. In the USA, 1 in 5 Americans has metabolic syndrome, which increases to 40% in people aged >60 years old. A similar pattern is seen globally, underlining the importance of management of metabolic syndrome within the healthcare systems. Emergence of the novel COVID-19 infection has further highlighted the importance of metabolic syndrome components in unfavourable outcomes of COVID-19 infection. Obesity, diabetes, and hypertension were the highest contributors of COVID-19-related hospitalisation and mortality. Therefore, prevention and management of metabolic syndrome and its components could significantly reduce premature morbidity and mortality not only per se but also as a result of opportunistic infective diseases such as COVID-19.

Prof. Dr. Ebrahim Naderali
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Obesity
Metabolic syndrome
Early intervention
Diabetes and cardiovascular diseases
Diabetes and cognitive function

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Incidence and Determinants of Metabolic Syndrome Amongst a Group of Migrants to Qatar: A Prospective Longitudinal Observational Cohort Study 24-Months Post-Migration

by Rana Moustafa Al-Adawi, Kirti Sathyananda Prabhu, Derek Stewart, Cristin Ryan, Hani Abdelaziz, Mohsen Eledrisi, Mohamed Izham Mohamed Ibrahim, Shahab Uddin and Antonella Pia Tonna

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11010034 - 22 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2545

Abstract

While there is some evidence that migration to Western countries increases metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk, there is a lack of data pertaining to migration to the Middle East. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between migration and MetS incidence following 24-months of residency in Qatar and identify possible MetS determinants. Migrants to Qatar employed at Hamad Medical Corporation (the national health service) aged 18–65 years were invited to participate. Baseline and follow-up screening for MetS included HbA1c, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, blood pressure, and waist circumference. MetS-free migrants were rescreened 24-months post-migration, and the World Health Organization STEPwise questionnaire was administered, assessing changes in lifestyle from baseline. Of 1095 migrants contacted, 472 consented to participate, 205 of whom had normal metabolic parameters at baseline; 160 completed follow-up screening. Most participants were males (74.6%, n = 153) and Asian (81.0%, n = 166/205), and two thirds (66.3%, n = 136/205) were nurses. The incidence of new-onset MetS was 17.0% (n = 27/160, 95%CI; 11.0–23.0%), with 81.0% (n = 129/160, 95%CI; 73.8–86.0%) having at least one MetS element 24-months post-residency in Qatar. Male gender was a risk factor for MetS (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3, p = 0.116), as was consuming medication that could induce MetS (AOR = 6.3, p < 0.001). There is merit in further research targeting these groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Update on Metabolic Syndrome)

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12 pages, 296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolic Syndrome and Functional Fitness Abilities

by Laura Gallardo-Alfaro, Maria del Mar Bibiloni, Emma Argelich, Escarlata Angullo-Martinez, Cristina Bouzas and Josep A. Tur

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(24), 5840; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245840 - 13 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2272

Abstract

Background: It has been pointed out that moderate to vigorous exercise improves metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria; however, studies on functional fitness in subjects with MetS are scarce. Aim: This study aimed to assess functional fitness abilities in MetS and non-MetS subjects. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Participants living in the Balearic Islands (n = 477, 52% men, 55–80 years old) with MetS (n = 333) and without MetS (n = 144). Anthropometric, socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics were measured, and blood samples were collected. Functional fitness tests included: one leg balance, standing and sitting handgrip, 30-s chair stand, arm curl, chair sit-and-reach, back scratch, 8-foot time up-and-go, 30-m walk, and 6-min walk tests. A Functional Fitness Score was created from tests that measured agility and dynamic balance, static balance, lower-and-upper body strength, lower-and-upper body flexibility, aerobic endurance, and speed. Results: All functional fitness tests were lower in MetS subjects, except for back scratch and standing handgrip test. After adjusting for possible confounders (sex, age, civil status, education level, leisure-time physical activity) MetS subjects were more likely to be below average for a sex and age specific cut-off value of one leg balance (Odds Ratio, OR: 2.37; 95% Confidence Interval, CI: 1.25–4.48), chair stand (OR: 2.30; 95% CI: 1.26–3.20), arm curl (OR: 3.43; 95% CI:1.90–6.26), back scratch (OR: 3.49; 95% CI: 2.31–5.91), 8-foot up-&-go (OR: 13.03; 95% CI: 6.66–25.55), 30-m walk (OR: 8.10; 95% CI: 4.33–15.57) and 6-min walk test (OR: 3.28; 95% CI: 1.76–6.52), whereas they were more likely to be above average for sitting handgrip test (OR:1.69; 95% CI:1.21–2.95). Functional Fitness Score was lower in MetS subjects (5.44 ± 2.40 vs. 7.04 ± 1.72, p < 0.001), independently of sex and age. Conclusion: MetS participants showed lower functional fitness abilities and lower Functional Fitness Score than non-MetS peers, independently of sex, age, body mass index and waist circumference, showing lower ability to perform everyday activities safely and independently. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Update on Metabolic Syndrome)

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12 pages, 4817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Frequency Ultrasound Assessment of Skin and Oral Mucosa in Metabolic Syndrome Patients—A Cross-Sectional Study

by Anida Maria Băbțan, Ștefan Cristian Vesa, Bianca Adina Boșca, Maria Crișan, Carmen Mihaela Mihu, Mihaela Felicia Băciuț, Cristian Dinu, Bogdan Crișan, Radu Septimiu Câmpian, Claudia Nicoleta Feurdean, Anca Ionel, Artur Bezugly, Ioana Roxana Bordea and Aranka Ilea

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(19), 4461; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194461 - 28 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1780

Abstract

Background: Exogenous factors (such as sun exposure, smoking habits, and diet) and endogenous (inflammatory status, general diseases) have a direct influence on skin and soft tissue characteristics. The study’s objective was to assess the impact of metabolic syndrome (MS) on characteristics of skin layers in sun-exposed and non-exposed maxillofacial tissues evaluated by high-frequency ultrasound (HFU), as a potential diagnosis and monitoring tool for the aging process. Material and methods: The present study included 102 subjects (24 with MS; 78 without MS). Anthropometric parameters and disease history were recorded, and blood samples were harvested in order to assess biochemical parameters of MS. Sun-exposed skin (zygomatic region) and non-exposed oral mucosa of the lower lip were assessed using HFU (DUB^® cutis, Taberna Pro Medicum) with a 22 MHz probe. Results: Patients with cardiac disease had significantly lower values for epidermis density (p = 0.002). Gender was independently linked to the aged dermis depth (p < 0.001), aged dermis no. of px (pixels) (p < 0.001), dermis depth (p < 0.001), dermis no. of px (p < 0.001), and subcutaneous tissue density (p < 0.001). Patients with MS had thinner epidermis (p = 0.008) and thinner aged dermis (p = 0.037) when compared to non-MS subjects. Conclusion: Patients with MS had thinner epidermis and a lower epidermis number of pixels in sun-exposed skin. Women had lower epidermis density and thicker dermis in sun-exposed skin. Our study showed that HFU, as a non-invasive investigation approach, is useful to diagnose and monitor the aging process in skin and oral mucosa, correlated with skin phenotype pathological conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Update on Metabolic Syndrome)

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17 pages, 2162 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Living in the Southern Hemisphere: Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Amazonian Riverine Populations

by Gabriela P. Arrifano, Jacqueline I. Alvarez-Leite, Barbarella M. Macchi, Núbia F. S. S. Campos, Marcus Augusto-Oliveira, Letícia Santos-Sacramento, Amanda Lopes-Araújo, José Rogério Souza-Monteiro, Raquel Alburquerque-Santos, José Luiz M. do Nascimento, Sidney Santos, Ândrea Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Reinaldo B. Oriá and Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(16), 3630; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163630 - 17 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2382

Abstract

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) epidemic is a global challenge. Although developing countries (including Brazil, India, and South Africa) present a higher proportion of deaths by cardiovascular diseases than developed countries, most of our knowledge is from these developed countries. Amazonian riverine populations (ARP), as well as other vulnerable populations of the Southern Hemisphere, share low-income and traditional practices, among other features. This large cross-sectional study of ARP (n = 818) shows high prevalence of hypertension (51%) and obesity (23%). MetS was diagnosed in 38% of participants (especially in women and 60–69 years-old individuals) without the influence of ancestry. Only 7–8% of adults had no cardio-metabolic abnormalities related to MetS. Atherogenic dyslipidemia (low HDL-cholesterol) was generally observed, including in individuals without MetS. Still, slight differences were detected between settings with a clear predominance of hypertension in Tucuruí. Hypotheses on possible genetic influence and factors (nutrition transition and environmental pollutants -mercury) are proposed for future studies. Moreover, a roadmap to MetS progression based on the most prevalent components is provided for the development of tailored interventions in the Amazon (initially, individuals would present low HDL-cholesterol levels, later progressing to increased blood pressure characterizing hypertension, and ultimately reaching MetS with obesity). Our alarming results support the need to improve our knowledge on these vulnerable populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Update on Metabolic Syndrome)

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9 pages, 1042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Visceral or Subcutaneous Fat Accumulation and B-Type Natriuretic Peptide among Japanese Subjects: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Yoshinori Hayashi, Hirohide Yokokawa, Hiroshi Fukuda, Mizue Saita, Taiju Miyagami, Yuichi Takahashi, Teruhiko Hisaoka and Toshio Naito

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(6), 1315; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10061315 - 23 Mar 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1695

Abstract

Background: Some previous studies have shown reduced levels of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in individuals with obesity. We aimed to estimate the relationship between BNP and abdominal fat distribution, adjusted for confounding factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1806 Japanese individuals (981 men and 825 women) who underwent a medical health check-up. Analyzed data included age, sex, visceral fat area (VFA), and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) as obtained from computed tomography, blood pressure, and blood test results including BNP. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between BNP, VFA, and SFA after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, and body mass index. Results: In the models analyzed separately for VFA and SFA, BNP correlated independently with VFA in multiple linear regression analysis among all subjects and in both men and women, while SFA correlated inversely with BNP in all subjects and women but not in men. In the model that included both VFA and SFA, BNP correlated independently with VFA, but SFA and BNP were not correlated in any models. Conclusion: Higher VFA showed an independent, significant association with lower BNP. In addition, the inverse correlation with BNP was stronger for VFA than for SFA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Update on Metabolic Syndrome)

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