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Lifestyle Interventions for Cardiometabolic Health
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Lifestyle Interventions for Cardiometabolic Health

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Cardiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 January 2023) | Viewed by 8960

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Angelo Sabag

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
Interests: cardiometabolic health; aerobic exercise, resistance training
Dr. Monique E. Francois

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
2. Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
Interests: atherosclerotic vascular diseases; endothelial function; exercise; glucose; diabetes; gestational diabetes; obesity-related chronic disease; insulin resistance; exercise intervention; diet and nutrition; physical activity
Dr. Shelley Keating

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, ‎QLD, Australia
Interests: obesity-related chronic disease; exercise; cardiometabolic health; body composition; metabolic-associated fatty liver disease; telehealth

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

While the rate of obesity has largely stabilized, the sheer number of people living with obesity continues to pose unique challenges to the health of affected individuals and health infrastructure more broadly. Lifestyle interventions, including diet and exercise modulation, are cornerstone therapies for the management of obesity-related diseases. While both assist with weight loss maintenance, these interventions play different, yet convergent, roles in cardiometabolic health management. For example, exercise can elicit cardiometabolic improvements independent of weight loss and the degree of improvements appear to be impacted by various exercise prescription variables such as modality, intensity, and volume. As such, the search for the ‘minimum effective exercise prescription’ continues. Conversely, the traditional view is that dietary interventions are largely successful based on their ability to maintain a negative energy balance and achieve weight loss/maintenance. However, emerging evidence also suggests that focusing on diet quality (e.g., the Mediterranean diet) may confer cardiometabolic benefits without requiring a significant caloric deficit. While there are some data supporting the utility of certain dietary interventions over others (e.g., low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat), it is still unclear whether benefits persist after controlling for energy intake and expenditure and whether these diets can be sustained in the long term.

In this Special Issue, we aim to collect review and original articles with the aim to highlight advances in our understanding of exercise and dietary prescription variables for the management of cardiometabolic health. The findings reported in this Special Issue will provide clinicians with up-to-date evidence that can be used when designing and delivering lifestyle interventions to individuals with or at risk of obesity-related diseases.

Dr. Angelo Sabag
Dr. Monique E. Francois
Dr. Shelley Keating
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • exercise
  • diet
  • aerobic exercise
  • resistance training
  • low-carbohydrate diet
  • mediterranean diet
  • low-energy diet
  • lifestyle interventions

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 898 KiB  
Article
Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring to Prescribe a Time to Exercise for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes
by Courtney R. Chang, Brooke M. Russell, Tannia Cyriac and Monique E. Francois
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(9), 3237; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093237 - 30 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1453
Abstract
This study examines the potential utility of using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to prescribe an exercise time to target peak hyperglycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The main aim is to test the feasibility of prescribing an individualised daily exercise time, [...] Read more.
This study examines the potential utility of using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to prescribe an exercise time to target peak hyperglycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The main aim is to test the feasibility of prescribing an individualised daily exercise time, based on the time of CGM-derived peak glucose, for people with T2D. Thirty-five individuals with T2D (HbA1c: 7.2 ± 0.8%; age: 64 ± 7 y; BMI: 29.2 ± 5.2 kg/m2) were recruited and randomised to one of two 14 d exercise interventions: i) ExPeak (daily exercise starting 30 min before peak hyperglycaemia) or placebo active control NonPeak (daily exercise starting 90 min after peak hyperglycaemia). The time of peak hyperglycaemia was determined via a two-week baseline CGM. A CGM, accelerometer, and heart rate monitor were worn during the free-living interventions to objectively measure glycaemic control outcomes, moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA), and exercise adherence for future translation in a clinical trial. Participation in MVPA increased 26% when an exercise time was prescribed compared to habitual baseline (p < 0.01), with no difference between intervention groups (p > 0.26). The total MVPA increased by 10 min/day during the intervention compared to the baseline (baseline: 23 ± 14 min/d vs. intervention: 33 ± 16 min/d, main effect of time p = 0.03, no interaction). The change in peak blood glucose (mmol/L) was similar between the ExPeak (−0.44 ± 1.6 mmol/L, d = 0.21) and the NonPeak (−0.39 ± 1.5 mmol/L, d = 0.16) intervention groups (p = 0.92). Prescribing an exercise time based on CGM may increase daily participation in physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes; however, further studies are needed to test the long-term impact of this approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle Interventions for Cardiometabolic Health)
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13 pages, 312 KiB  
Article
Body Composition, Fasting Blood Glucose and Lipidemic Indices Are Not Primarily Determined by the Nutritional Intake of Middle-Aged Endurance Trained Men—Another “Athletes’ Paradox”?
by Spyridon Methenitis, Konstantinos Feidantsis, Athina Kaprara, Apostolos Hatzitolios, Petros Skepastianos, Sousana K. Papadopoulou and George Panayiotou
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(20), 6057; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11206057 - 13 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2021
Abstract
Systematic, regular high-volume endurance training induces significant metabolic adaptations in glucose and lipids metabolism, which seems to affect the negative impact of unhealthy nutrition, at least in animal models. The present study aimed to investigate the main determinants of body composition, blood glucose [...] Read more.
Systematic, regular high-volume endurance training induces significant metabolic adaptations in glucose and lipids metabolism, which seems to affect the negative impact of unhealthy nutrition, at least in animal models. The present study aimed to investigate the main determinants of body composition, blood glucose and lipids concentrations between middle-aged sedentary individuals (Sed) and well-trained endurance athletes (Run), both following an unhealthy high-fat diet. In thirty-five Sed (Age: 54.0 ± 6.6 yrs, Body Mass: 77.1 ± 10.5 kg, BMI: 31.3 ± 6.0 kg·m−2) and thirty-six Run (Age: 51.6 ± 5.2 yrs, Body Mass: 85.8 ± 3.4 kg, BMI: 23.2 ± 1.8 kg·m−2), body composition, nutritional intake, energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and blood glucose and lipids concentrations were evaluated. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that body composition, blood glucose and lipids’ concentrations in the Run group were primarily determined by the energy expenditure (B: −0.879 to −1.254), while in the Sed group, by their energy intake (B:−0.754 to 0.724). In conclusion, it seems that in well-trained endurance middle-aged athletes, body composition, blood glucose, and lipids concentrations seem to be determined by their training-induced daily energy expenditure and not by their nutritional intake per se. At the same time, nutrition is the primary determinant in aged-matched sedentary individuals, even if they both follow high-fat diets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle Interventions for Cardiometabolic Health)
15 pages, 677 KiB  
Article
Effects of Coffee on Sirtuin-1, Homocysteine, and Cholesterol of Healthy Adults: Does the Coffee Powder Matter?
by Gustavo Henrique Ferreira Gonçalinho, José Rafael de Oliveira Nascimento, Bruno Mahler Mioto, Reynaldo Vicente Amato, Miguel Antonio Moretti, Célia Maria Cassaro Strunz, Luiz Antonio Machado César and Antonio de Padua Mansur
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(11), 2985; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11112985 - 25 May 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2387
Abstract
Background: Coffee is one of the most popular beverages globally and contains several bioactive compounds that are relevant to human health. Many nutritional strategies modulate sirtuin-1, thereby impacting aging and cardiometabolic health. This study investigated the influence of different blended coffees on serum [...] Read more.
Background: Coffee is one of the most popular beverages globally and contains several bioactive compounds that are relevant to human health. Many nutritional strategies modulate sirtuin-1, thereby impacting aging and cardiometabolic health. This study investigated the influence of different blended coffees on serum sirtuin-1, blood lipids, and plasma homocysteine. Methods: An eight-week randomized clinical trial that included 53 healthy adults of both sexes analyzed the effects of daily intake of 450 to 600 mL of pure Arabica or blended (Arabica + Robusta) coffee intake of filtered coffee on blood sirtuin-1, lipids, and homocysteine. Results: Both Arabica and blended coffees similarly increased serum sirtuin-1 concentration, from 0.51 to 0.58 ng/mL (p = 0.004) and from 0.40 to 0.49 ng/mL (p = 0.003), respectively, without changing plasma homocysteine, folic acid, glucose, and CRP. However, the blended coffee intake increased total cholesterol from 4.70 to 5.17 mmol/L (p < 0.001) and LDL-cholesterol from 2.98 to 3.32 mmol/L (p < 0.001), as well as HDL-c from 1.26 to 1.36 mmol/L (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Both coffee powders increased sirtuin-1 expression, but our results suggest that blended coffee had hypercholesterolemic effects which could increase cardiovascular risk. Therefore, preference should be given to Arabica coffee for the best cardiometabolic benefits of coffee. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle Interventions for Cardiometabolic Health)
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14 pages, 1730 KiB  
Article
Cardiovascular Health Does Not Change Following High-Intensity Interval Training in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
by Ida Almenning Kiel, Helen Jones, Sofie Lionett, Ragnhild Røsbjørgen, Stian Lydersen, Eszter Vanky and Trine Moholdt
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(6), 1626; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11061626 - 15 Mar 2022
Viewed by 2271
Abstract
Introduction: polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. First-line therapy for PCOS is lifestyle changes including exercise. We compared CVD risk factors between women with and without PCOS and examined the responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Methods: [...] Read more.
Introduction: polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. First-line therapy for PCOS is lifestyle changes including exercise. We compared CVD risk factors between women with and without PCOS and examined the responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Methods: women with PCOS were randomized to HIIT (n = 41) or a non-exercise control group (n = 23) for 16 weeks. Women without PCOS (n = 15) were age- and BMI-matched to participants with PCOS and completed 16 weeks of HIIT. CVD markers included blood pressure, heart rate, flow mediated dilatation (FMD), carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), and circulating concentrations of lipids, glucose, insulin, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Results: resting heart rate was higher in women with PCOS than without PCOS (p =0.011) and was reduced after HIIT in women with PCOS (−2.8 beats/min, 95% CI: −5.4, −0.2, p = 0.037). FMD was not significantly different between women with PCOS (5.5%, SD 4.1) and those without PCOS (8.2%, SD 3.9) at baseline. HIIT reduced time-to-peak dilatation of the brachial artery in women with PCOS compared with women without PCOS (−55 s, 95% CI: −96, −13, p = 0.012). Conclusions: we found little difference in CVD risk factors between women with and without PCOS at baseline, but some indications of endothelial dysfunction in women with PCOS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle Interventions for Cardiometabolic Health)
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