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Evolution and Trends in Plastic and Reconstructive Facial Surgery
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Evolution and Trends in Plastic and Reconstructive Facial Surgery

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery/Aesthetic Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 March 2023) | Viewed by 7297

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Oscar Javier Manrique

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
Interests: breast reconstruction; lymphedema surgery; microsurgery; gender affirming surgery
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery is multidisciplinary and is mainly driven by plastic surgeons; however, it includes dermatology, oral maxillofacial surgery, otolaryngology and ophthalmology. Additionally, it comprises theoretical and practical principles of both cosmetic/aesthetic and reconstructive surgery. The spectrum of practice for facial plastic surgery in the US includes cranio-maxillary trauma and reconstruction, surgical correction of congenital defects, rhinoplasty, browlifts, blepharoplasty, oncologic resection of cutaneous malignancies, gender-affirming surgery, and microvascular reconstruction of head and neck defects. Due to the wide possibilities, facial plastic surgery is continuously evolving, with constant innovative developments in cutting-edge supplementary technologies and new surgical techniques. With this Special Issue, we hope to encourage submissions that discuss the current state-of-the-art, address ongoing knowledge gaps, and focus on ongoing controversies related to evolution and trends in plastic and reconstructive facial surgery.

Dr. Oscar Javier Manrique
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • virtual surgical planning
  • face
  • burns
  • free flap
  • maxillofacial
  • head and neck neoplasm

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 9206 KiB  
Article
Facial Morphometrics in Black Celebrities: Contemporary Facial Analysis Using an Artificial Intelligence Platform
by Cristina A. Salinas, Alice Liu and Basel A. Sharaf
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(13), 4499; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134499 - 05 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2457
Abstract
The diversity of patients pursuing facial aesthetic and facial gender-affirming surgery (FGAS) is increasing, yet there is a paucity of objective guidelines to facilitate surgical decision-making in patients of color. We conducted a quantitative analysis of black celebrities using standardized frontal photos of [...] Read more.
The diversity of patients pursuing facial aesthetic and facial gender-affirming surgery (FGAS) is increasing, yet there is a paucity of objective guidelines to facilitate surgical decision-making in patients of color. We conducted a quantitative analysis of black celebrities using standardized frontal photos of 21 female and 21 male celebrities. Celebrities were chosen from popular entertainment magazines and websites, including People Magazine, the Internet Movie Database (IMDb), Cosmopolitan, and Essence. For each celebrity, 100 facial landmarks were detected through a facial analysis artificial intelligence (AI) program. Black males had greater facial height, bizygomatic width, lower facial height, and bigonial width than females. However, the facial height to bigonial width ratio was similar between genders and approximated the golden ratio (1.618). Female faces demonstrated a greater mid-face height to total facial height proportion, and males had a greater lower facial height proportion. Females exhibited an upward-slanted medial brow and shorter total eyebrow length, nose height, and alar width. Forehead height above the lateral brow was greater in males, while central forehead height was similar to females. This is the first study that has utilized AI to provide ethnicity-specific facial morphometrics relevant to facial rejuvenation and FGAS in the black population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution and Trends in Plastic and Reconstructive Facial Surgery)
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12 pages, 11046 KiB  
Article
Mandible Angle Resection with the Retroauricular Approach
by Yoon Joo Lee, Yunsung Park, Yooseok Ha and Sunje Kim
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(7), 2641; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12072641 - 01 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1988
Abstract
Square-shaped and large moon-shaped faces are commonly observed in Asians, and the contour of the mandible is associated with the shape of the lower part of the face. Mandible contouring surgery is performed to create a softer impression for East Asians. Currently, most [...] Read more.
Square-shaped and large moon-shaped faces are commonly observed in Asians, and the contour of the mandible is associated with the shape of the lower part of the face. Mandible contouring surgery is performed to create a softer impression for East Asians. Currently, most surgeries are performed using an intraoral approach. External approaches have not been cosmetically attempted because of possible damage to the facial nerve and visible scarring and have been limited to mandible bone fracture reduction. This study included 42 patients who underwent mandibular angle reduction via classical intraoral incision and retroauricular incision between April 2019 and October 2021. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale and Visual Analog Scale. Surgery was successful in all cases, with no significant complications. An appropriate mandibular contour was achieved postoperatively. All patients were satisfied with the outcome. Some patients experienced short-term complications, such as hematoma and wound disruption of the skin above the incision line. However, these improved within 3 weeks, and no serious long-term complications were observed. Mandible angle resection with the retroauricular approach is a promising alternative for patients, allowing speedy recovery and the resumption of routine daily life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution and Trends in Plastic and Reconstructive Facial Surgery)
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11 pages, 967 KiB  
Article
Towards a Reliable and Rapid Automated Grading System in Facial Palsy Patients: Facial Palsy Surgery Meets Computer Science
by Leonard Knoedler, Helena Baecher, Martin Kauke-Navarro, Lukas Prantl, Hans-Günther Machens, Philipp Scheuermann, Christoph Palm, Raphael Baumann, Andreas Kehrer, Adriana C. Panayi and Samuel Knoedler
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(17), 4998; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11174998 - 25 Aug 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1578
Abstract
Background: Reliable, time- and cost-effective, and clinician-friendly diagnostic tools are cornerstones in facial palsy (FP) patient management. Different automated FP grading systems have been developed but revealed persisting downsides such as insufficient accuracy and cost-intensive hardware. We aimed to overcome these barriers and [...] Read more.
Background: Reliable, time- and cost-effective, and clinician-friendly diagnostic tools are cornerstones in facial palsy (FP) patient management. Different automated FP grading systems have been developed but revealed persisting downsides such as insufficient accuracy and cost-intensive hardware. We aimed to overcome these barriers and programmed an automated grading system for FP patients utilizing the House and Brackmann scale (HBS). Methods: Image datasets of 86 patients seen at the Department of Plastic, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery at the University Hospital Regensburg, Germany, between June 2017 and May 2021, were used to train the neural network and evaluate its accuracy. Nine facial poses per patient were analyzed by the algorithm. Results: The algorithm showed an accuracy of 100%. Oversampling did not result in altered outcomes, while the direct form displayed superior accuracy levels when compared to the modular classification form (n = 86; 100% vs. 99%). The Early Fusion technique was linked to improved accuracy outcomes in comparison to the Late Fusion and sequential method (n = 86; 100% vs. 96% vs. 97%). Conclusions: Our automated FP grading system combines high-level accuracy with cost- and time-effectiveness. Our algorithm may accelerate the grading process in FP patients and facilitate the FP surgeon’s workflow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution and Trends in Plastic and Reconstructive Facial Surgery)
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Review

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12 pages, 440 KiB  
Review
The Limited Coverage of Facial Feminization Surgery in the United States: A Literature Review of Policy Constraints and Implications
by Alejandra Aristizábal, Joseph M. Escandón, Pedro Ciudad and Oscar J. Manrique
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(16), 5308; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165308 - 15 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 791
Abstract
There is a literature gap regarding facial feminization surgery (FFS) access and coverage. Our goal is to compile information from previous studies and assess the current policy landscape for these surgeries in the US. We also explored why some policies do not cover [...] Read more.
There is a literature gap regarding facial feminization surgery (FFS) access and coverage. Our goal is to compile information from previous studies and assess the current policy landscape for these surgeries in the US. We also explored why some policies do not cover them, identify states with better coverage, and determine the most covered procedures. PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Scopus were searched for studies that reviewed policies on FFS coverage. Studies on surgical techniques or other gender-affirming surgeries (GASs) that did not involve FFS were excluded. Seven studies were included for analysis. In 2014, the Department of Human Health Services (HHS) lifted the transgender exclusion policy, leading to an increase in policies regarding GASs for both private and state insurance. However, there are differences in medical necessity requirements among policies, which may not align with the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) criteria. States that prohibit exclusion tend to offer better coverage for FFS. These states are mainly located in the western and northeast regions, whereas states in the southern and middle east regions have less coverage. Among the procedures, chondrolaryngoplasty is the most covered, while facial and cervical rhytidectomy are the least covered. To enhance transgender care, it is crucial to reach a consensus on how to offer coverage for facial feminization surgery. However, there is a lack of adequate research on this topic, and there is a need for resources and tools to assess the results of FFS procedures. One significant constraint of this study is that it does not provide a systematic review of the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution and Trends in Plastic and Reconstructive Facial Surgery)
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