Journal of Clinical Medicine

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17 pages, 2142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chronological Gene Expression of Human Gingival Fibroblasts with Low Reactive Level Laser (LLL) Irradiation

by Yuki Wada, Asami Suzuki, Hitomi Ishiguro, Etsuko Murakashi and Yukihiro Numabe

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(9), 1952; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10091952 - 01 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2020

Though previously studies have reported that Low reactive Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) promotes wound healing, molecular level evidence was uncleared. The purpose of this study is to examine the temporal molecular processes of human immortalized gingival fibroblasts (HGF) by LLLT by the comprehensive [...] Read more.

Though previously studies have reported that Low reactive Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) promotes wound healing, molecular level evidence was uncleared. The purpose of this study is to examine the temporal molecular processes of human immortalized gingival fibroblasts (HGF) by LLLT by the comprehensive analysis of gene expression. HGF was seeded, cultured for 24 h, and then irradiated with a Nd: YAG laser at 0.5 W for 30 s. After that, gene differential expression analysis and functional analysis were performed with DNA microarray at 1, 3, 6 and 12 h after the irradiation. The number of genes with up- and downregulated differentially expression genes (DEGs) compared to the nonirradiated group was large at 6 and 12 h after the irradiation. From the functional analysis results of DEGs, Biological Process (BP) based Gene Ontology (GO), BP ‘the defense response’ is considered to be an important process with DAVID. Additionally, the results of PPI analysis of DEGs involved in the defense response with STRING, we found that the upregulated DEGs such as CXCL8 and NFKB1, and the downregulated DEGs such as NFKBIA and STAT1 were correlated with multiple genes. We estimate that these genes are key genes on the defense response after LLLT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis)

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13 pages, 1072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prospective Longitudinal Changes in the Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area Following Active Periodontal Treatment for Chronic Periodontitis

by Yoshiaki Nomura, Toshiya Morozumi, Atsushi Saito, Atsutoshi Yoshimura, Erika Kakuta, Fumihiko Suzuki, Fusanori Nishimura, Hideki Takai, Hiroaki Kobayashi, Kazuyuki Noguchi, Keiso Takahashi, Koichi Tabeta, Makoto Umeda, Masato Minabe, Mitsuo Fukuda, Naoyuki Sugano, Nobuhiro Hanada, Nobuo Yoshinari, Satoshi Sekino, Shogo Takashiba, Soh Sato, Toshiaki Nakamura, Tsutomu Sugaya, Yohei Nakayama, Yorimasa Ogata, Yukihiro Numabe and Taneaki Nakagawa Show full author list Hide full author list

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(6), 1165; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10061165 - 10 Mar 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2429

Abstract

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontal tissue. The periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) is a proposed index for quantifying the inflammatory burden resulting from periodontitis lesions. This study aimed to investigate longitudinal changes in the periodontal status as evaluated [...] Read more.

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontal tissue. The periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) is a proposed index for quantifying the inflammatory burden resulting from periodontitis lesions. This study aimed to investigate longitudinal changes in the periodontal status as evaluated by the PISA following the active periodontal treatment. To elucidate the prognostic factors of PISA, mixed-effect modeling was performed for clinical parameters, tooth-type, and levels of periodontal pathogens as independent variables. One-hundred-twenty-five patients with chronic periodontitis who completed the active periodontal treatment were followed-up for 24 months, with evaluations conducted at 6-month intervals. Five-times repeated measures of mean PISA values were 130+/−173, 161+/−276, 184+/−320, 175+/−417, and 209+/−469 mm². Changes in clinical parameters and salivary and subgingival periodontal pathogens were analyzed by mixed-effect modeling. Plaque index, clinical attachment level, and salivary levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis were associated with changes in PISA at the patient- and tooth-level. Subgingival levels of P. gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia were associated with changes in PISA at the sample site. For most patients, changes in PISA were within 10% of baseline during the 24-month follow-up. However, an increase in the number of bleeding sites in a tooth with a deep periodontal pocket increased the PISA value exponentially. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis)

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11 pages, 325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Role of Interleukin-6 Receptor Inhibitor Tocilizumab in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis and Periodontal Disease

by Codrina Ancuța, Rodica Chirieac, Eugen Ancuța, Oana Țănculescu, Sorina Mihaela Solomon, Ana Maria Fătu, Adrian Doloca and Cristina Iordache

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(4), 878; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040878 - 20 Feb 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2133

Abstract

Background: The aim of our study was to explore the influence of weekly subcutaneous administration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor inhibitor tocilizumab (TCZ) on periodontal status in a local longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontal disease (PD). Methods: We performed [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of our study was to explore the influence of weekly subcutaneous administration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor inhibitor tocilizumab (TCZ) on periodontal status in a local longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontal disease (PD). Methods: We performed a 6-month prospective study in 51 patients with chronic periodontitis and moderate-to-severe RA starting TCZ in accordance with local recommendations. Extensive rheumatologic (clinical activity, inflammatory, serological biomarkers) and periodontal (visible plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss) assessments were done. Changes in RA activity and periodontal status were reassessed after 3 and 6 months. Results: We demonstrated significant correlations between periodontal status, disease activity, and serologic biomarkers (p < 0.05). Tocilizumab significantly improved the gingival index scores and decreased the number of sites with bleeding on probing after only 3 months (p < 0.05), while the probing pocket depth significantly decreased after 6 months; overall, clinical attachment loss presented only slight changes without any statistical significance as well as teeth count and plaque levels (p > 0.05). Conclusion: IL-6 inhibition is able to improve periodontal outcomes in patients with RA and concomitant PD, which is essentially related to a dramatic decrease in serum inflammatory mediators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis)

11 pages, 1996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of the Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area by Simple Oral Examination

by Yoshiaki Nomura, Toshiya Morozumi, Yukihiro Numabe, Yorimasa Ogata, Yohei Nakayama, Tsutomu Sugaya, Toshiaki Nakamura, Soh Sato, Shogo Takashiba, Satoshi Sekino, Nobuo Yoshinari, Nobuhiro Hanada, Naoyuki Sugano, Mitsuo Fukuda, Masato Minabe, Makoto Umeda, Koichi Tabeta, Keiso Takahashi, Kazuyuki Noguchi, Hiroaki Kobayashi, Hideki Takai, Fusanori Nishimura, Fumihiko Suzuki, Erika Kakuta, Atsutoshi Yoshimura, Atsushi Saito and Taneaki Nakagawa Show full author list Hide full author list

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(4), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040723 - 12 Feb 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3025

Abstract

The periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) is a useful index for clinical and epidemiological assessments, since it can represent the inflammation status of patients in one contentious variable. However, calculation of the PISA is difficult, requiring six point probing depth measurements with or [...] Read more.

The periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) is a useful index for clinical and epidemiological assessments, since it can represent the inflammation status of patients in one contentious variable. However, calculation of the PISA is difficult, requiring six point probing depth measurements with or without bleeding on probing on 28 teeth, followed by data input in a calculation program. More simple methods are essential for screening periodontal disease or in epidemiological studies. In this study, we tried to establish a convenient partial examination method to estimate PISA. Cross-sectional data of 254 subjects who completed active periodontal therapy were analyzed. Teeth that represent the PISA value were selected by an item response theory approach. The maxillary second molar, first premolar, and lateral incisor and the mandibular second molar and lateral incisor were selected. The sum of the PISAs of these teeth was significantly correlated with the patient’s PISA (R² = 0.938). More simply, the sum of the maximum values of probing pocket depth with bleeding for these teeth were also significantly correlated with the patient’s PISA (R² = 0.6457). The simple model presented in this study may be useful to estimate PISA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis)

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17 pages, 3301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gan-Lu-Yin (Kanroin), Traditional Chinese Herbal Extracts, Reduces Osteoclast Differentiation In Vitro and Prevents Alveolar Bone Resorption in Rat Experimental Periodontitis

by Yuji Inagaki, Jun-ichi Kido, Yasufumi Nishikawa, Rie Kido, Eijiro Sakamoto, Mika Bando, Koji Naruishi, Toshihiko Nagata and Hiromichi Yumoto

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(3), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10030386 - 20 Jan 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2418

Abstract

Gan-Lu-Yin (GLY), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, shows therapeutic effects on periodontitis, but that mechanism is not well known. This study aims to clarify the precise mechanism by investigating the inhibitory effects of GLY extracts on osteoclastogenesis in vitro and on bone resorption [...] Read more.

Gan-Lu-Yin (GLY), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, shows therapeutic effects on periodontitis, but that mechanism is not well known. This study aims to clarify the precise mechanism by investigating the inhibitory effects of GLY extracts on osteoclastogenesis in vitro and on bone resorption in periodontitis in vivo. RAW264.7 cells are cultured with soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (sRANKL) and GLY extracts (0.01–1.0 mg/mL), and stained for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) to evaluate osteoclast differentiation. Experimental periodontitis is induced by placing a nylon ligature around the second maxillary molar in rats, and rats are administered GLY extracts (60 mg/kg) daily for 20 days. Their maxillae are collected on day 4 and 20, and the levels of alveolar bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation are estimated using micro-computed tomography (CT) and histological analysis, respectively. In RAW264.7 cells, GLY extracts significantly inhibit sRANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation at a concentration of more than 0.05 mg/mL. In experimental periodontitis, administering GLY extracts significantly decreases the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts in the alveolar bone on day 4, and significantly inhibits the ligature-induced bone resorption on day 20. These results show that GLY extracts suppress bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation in experimental periodontitis, suggesting that GLY extracts are potentially useful for oral care in periodontitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis)

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10 pages, 1854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Periodontal Status, Number of Teeth, and Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study in Japan

by Norio Aoyama, Toshiya Fujii, Sayuri Kida, Ichirota Nozawa, Kentaro Taniguchi, Motoki Fujiwara, Taizo Iwane, Katsushi Tamaki and Masato Minabe

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(2), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020208 - 08 Jan 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2938

Abstract

Recent reports have shown an association between obesity and periodontitis, but the precise relationship between these conditions has yet to be clarified. The purpose of this study was to compare the status of periodontitis, tooth loss, and obesity. Participants comprised 235 patients at [...] Read more.

Recent reports have shown an association between obesity and periodontitis, but the precise relationship between these conditions has yet to be clarified. The purpose of this study was to compare the status of periodontitis, tooth loss, and obesity. Participants comprised 235 patients at the Center for Medical and Dental Collaboration in Kanagawa Dental University Hospital between 2018 and 2020. Clinical examinations such as blood testing, body composition analysis, periodontal measurement, assessment of chewing ability, salivary testing, and oral malodor analysis were performed. Periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) was significantly associated with the number of teeth and body mass index (BMI). The number of teeth was negatively associated with age, but positively with chewing ability. Chewing ability was associated negatively with age, and positively with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). The level of methyl-mercaptan in breath and protein and leukocyte scores from salivary testing were positively associated with PISA. The rate of insufficient chewing ability was increased in subjects with hemoglobin (Hb)A1c ≥ 7%. The high PISA group showed increased hsCRP. BMI as an obesity marker was positively associated with PISA, indicating periodontal inflammation. Chewing ability was related to serum markers such as HbA1c and hsCRP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis)

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10 pages, 3907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Azithromycin on Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Gingival Fibroblasts and the Remodeling of Periodontal Tissue

by Takatoshi Nagano, Takao Yamaguchi, Sohtaro Kajiyama, Takuma Suzuki, Yuji Matsushima, Akihiro Yashima, Satoshi Shirakawa and Kazuhiro Gomi

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(1), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10010099 - 30 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1939

Abstract

Previous reports have shown that azithromycin (AZM), a macrolide antibiotic, affects collagen synthesis and cytokine production in human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs). However, there are few reports on the effect of AZM on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPLFs). In the present study, we comparatively [...] Read more.

Previous reports have shown that azithromycin (AZM), a macrolide antibiotic, affects collagen synthesis and cytokine production in human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs). However, there are few reports on the effect of AZM on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPLFs). In the present study, we comparatively examined the effects of AZM on hGFs and hPLFs. We monitored the reaction of AZM under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation or no stimulation in hGFs and hPLFs. Gene expression analyses of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and Type 1 collagen were performed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Subsequently, we performed Western blotting for the analysis of the intracellular signal transduction pathway. In response to LPS stimulation, the gene expression levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in hGFs increased due to AZM in a concentration-dependent manner, and phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was also promoted. Additionally, AZM caused an increase in MMP-1 expression in hGFs, whereas it did not affect the expression of any of the analyzed genes in hPLFs. Our findings indicate that AZM does not affect hPLFs and acts specifically on hGFs. Thus, AZM may increase the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 under LPS stimulation to modify the inflammatory response and increase the expression of MMP-1 to promote connective tissue remodeling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis)

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13 pages, 9276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Porphyromonas gingivalis Mfa1 Induces Chemokine and Cell Adhesion Molecules in Mouse Gingival Fibroblasts via Toll-Like Receptors

by Yuhei Takayanagi, Takeshi Kikuchi, Yoshiaki Hasegawa, Yoshikazu Naiki, Hisashi Goto, Kousuke Okada, Iichiro Okabe, Yosuke Kamiya, Yuki Suzuki, Noritaka Sawada, Teppei Okabe, Yuki Suzuki, Shun Kondo, Tasuku Ohno, Jun-Ichiro Hayashi and Akio Mitani

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(12), 4004; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9124004 - 10 Dec 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2050

Abstract

Porphyromonas gingivalis Mfa1 fimbriae are thought to act as adhesion factors and to direct periodontal tissue destruction but their immunomodulatory actions are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of Mfa1 stimulation on the immune and metabolic mechanisms of gingival fibroblasts from periodontal [...] Read more.

Porphyromonas gingivalis Mfa1 fimbriae are thought to act as adhesion factors and to direct periodontal tissue destruction but their immunomodulatory actions are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of Mfa1 stimulation on the immune and metabolic mechanisms of gingival fibroblasts from periodontal connective tissue. We also determined the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 in Mfa1 recognition. Mfa1 increased the expression of genes encoding chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL) 1, CXCL3, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1 and Selectin endothelium (E) in gingival fibroblasts, but did not have a significant effect on genes that regulate metabolism. Mfa1-stimulated up-regulation of genes was significantly suppressed in Tlr4 siRNA-transfected cells compared with that in control siRNA-transfected cells, which indicates that recognition by TLR4 is essential for immunomodulation by Mfa1. Additionally, suppression of Tlr2 expression partially attenuated the stimulatory effect of Mfa1. Overall, these results help explain the involvement of P. gingivalis Mfa1 fimbriae in the progression of periodontal disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis)

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17 pages, 972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Examination Sites for Periodontal Disease Evaluation: Applying the Item Response Theory Graded Response Model

by Yoshiaki Nomura, Toshiya Morozumi, Mitsuo Fukuda, Nobuhiro Hanada, Erika Kakuta, Hiroaki Kobayashi, Masato Minabe, Toshiaki Nakamura, Yohei Nakayama, Fusanori Nishimura, Kazuyuki Noguchi, Yukihiro Numabe, Yorimasa Ogata, Atsushi Saito, Soh Sato, Satoshi Sekino, Naoyuki Sugano, Tsutomu Sugaya, Fumihiko Suzuki, Keiso Takahashi, Hideki Takai, Shogo Takashiba, Makoto Umeda, Hiromasa Yoshie, Atsutoshi Yoshimura, Nobuo Yoshinari and Taneaki Nakagawa Show full author list Hide full author list

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(11), 3754; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113754 - 21 Nov 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2517

Abstract

Periodontal examination data have a complex structure. For epidemiological studies, mass screenings, and public health use, a simple index that represents the periodontal condition is necessary. Periodontal indices for partial examination of selected teeth have been developed. However, the selected teeth vary between [...] Read more.

Periodontal examination data have a complex structure. For epidemiological studies, mass screenings, and public health use, a simple index that represents the periodontal condition is necessary. Periodontal indices for partial examination of selected teeth have been developed. However, the selected teeth vary between indices, and a justification for the selection of examination teeth has not been presented. We applied a graded response model based on the item response theory to select optimal examination teeth and sites that represent periodontal conditions. Data were obtained from 254 patients who participated in a multicenter follow-up study. Baseline data were obtained from initial follow-up. Optimal examination sites were selected using item information calculated by graded response modeling. Twelve sites—maxillary 2nd premolar (palatal-medial), 1st premolar (palatal-distal), canine (palatal-medial), lateral incisor (palatal-central), central incisor (palatal-distal) and mandibular 1st premolar (lingual, medial)—were selected. Mean values for clinical attachment level, probing pocket depth, and bleeding on probing by full mouth examinations were used for objective variables. Measuring the clinical parameters of these sites can predict the results of full mouth examination. For calculating the periodontal index by partial oral examination, a justification for the selection of examination sites is essential. This study presents an evidence-based partial examination methodology and its modeling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis)

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13 pages, 942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exposure to Porphyromonas gingivalis Induces Production of Proinflammatory Cytokine via TLR2 from Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells

by Norihisa Watanabe, Sho Yokoe, Yorimasa Ogata, Shuichi Sato and Kenichi Imai

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(11), 3433; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113433 - 26 Oct 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2267

Abstract

Aspiration pneumonia is a major health problem owing to its high mortality rate in elderly people. The secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 by respiratory epithelial cells, which is induced by infection of respiratory bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae [...] Read more.

Aspiration pneumonia is a major health problem owing to its high mortality rate in elderly people. The secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 by respiratory epithelial cells, which is induced by infection of respiratory bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, contributes to the onset of pneumonia. These cytokines thus play a key role in orchestrating inflammatory responses in the lower respiratory tract. In contrast, chronic periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the infection of periodontopathic bacteria, typically Porphyromonas gingivalis, is one of the most prevalent microbial diseases affecting humans globally. Although emerging evidence has revealed an association between aspiration pneumonia and chronic periodontitis, a causal relationship between periodontopathic bacteria and the onset of aspiration pneumonia has not been established. Most periodontopathic bacteria are anaerobic and are therefore unlikely to survive in the lower respiratory organs of humans. Therefore, in this study, we examined whether simple contact by heat-inactivated P. gingivalis induced proinflammatory cytokine production by several human respiratory epithelial cell lines. We found that P. gingivalis induced strong IL-8 and IL-6 secretion by BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells. P. gingivalis also induced strong IL-8 secretion by Detroit 562 pharyngeal epithelial cells but not by A549 alveolar epithelial cells. Additionally, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 but not TLR4 was involved in the P. gingivalis-induced proinflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, P. gingivalis induced considerably higher IL-8 and IL-6 production than heat-inactivated S. pneumoniae. Our results suggest that P. gingivalis is a powerful inflammatory stimulant for human bronchial and pharyngeal epithelial cells and can stimulate TLR2-mediated cytokine production, thereby potentially contributing to the onset of aspiration pneumonia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis)

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11 pages, 833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Carotid Artery Calcification and Periodontal Disease Progression in Japanese Men and Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Nanae Dewake, Yasuaki Ishioka, Keiichi Uchida, Akira Taguchi, Yukihito Higashi, Akihiro Yoshida and Nobuo Yoshinari

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(10), 3365; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103365 - 20 Oct 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2400

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the association between alveolar bone loss (ABL) detected on panoramic radiographs and carotid artery calcification (CAC) detected on computed tomography (CT). Methods: The study subjects included 295 patients (mean age ± SD: 64.6 ± 11.8 years) who visited the Matsumoto [...] Read more.

Objective: To evaluate the association between alveolar bone loss (ABL) detected on panoramic radiographs and carotid artery calcification (CAC) detected on computed tomography (CT). Methods: The study subjects included 295 patients (mean age ± SD: 64.6 ± 11.8 years) who visited the Matsumoto Dental University Hospital. The rate of ABL and the number of present teeth were measured on panoramic radiographs. Univariate analyses with t-tests and chi-squared tests were performed to evaluate the differences in age, gender, history of diseases, number of present teeth, and the ABL between subjects, with and without CAC. Moreover, multivariate logistic regression analysis, with forward selection and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, was performed. Results: The number of subjects without and with CAC was 174 and 121, respectively. Univariate analyses revealed that CAC was significantly associated with age, hypertension, osteoporosis, number of present teeth, and ABL. Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for covariates revealed that the presence of CAC was significantly associated with ABL (OR = 1.233, 95% CI = 1.167–1.303). In the ROC analysis for predicting the presence of CAC, the the area under the ROC curve was the highest at 0.932 (95% CI = 0.904–0.960) for ABL, which was significant. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the measurement of ABL on panoramic radiographs may be an effective approach to identifying patients with an increased risk of CAC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis)

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11 pages, 532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Periodontal Disease on Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study

by Yuko Yamamoto, Toshiya Morozumi, Takahisa Hirata, Toru Takahashi, Shinya Fuchida, Masami Toyoda, Shigeru Nakajima and Masato Minabe

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(10), 3234; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103234 - 09 Oct 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2227

Abstract

Both periodontal disease and diabetes are common chronic inflammatory diseases. One of the major problems with type 2 diabetes is that unregulated blood glucose levels damage the vascular endothelium and cause complications. A bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease and diabetic complications has been [...] Read more.

Both periodontal disease and diabetes are common chronic inflammatory diseases. One of the major problems with type 2 diabetes is that unregulated blood glucose levels damage the vascular endothelium and cause complications. A bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease and diabetic complications has been reported previously. However, whether periodontal disease affects the presence of diabetic complications has not been clarified. Therefore, we examined the effect of the periodontal disease status on diabetic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Periodontal doctors examined the periodontal disease status of 104 type 2 diabetic patients who visited a private diabetes medical clinic once a month between 2016 and 2018. The subject’s diabetic status was obtained from their medical records. Bayesian network analysis showed that bleeding on probing directly influenced the presence of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients. In addition, bleeding on probing was higher in the diabetic retinopathy group (n = 36) than in the group without diabetic retinopathy (n = 68, p = 0.006, Welch’s t-test). Bleeding on probing represents gingival inflammation, which might affect the presence of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients who regularly visit diabetic clinics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis)

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7 pages, 226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Initial Periodontal Therapy on Heat Shock Protein 70 Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid from Periodontitis Patients

by Nobuhisa Furuse, Hideki Takai and Yorimasa Ogata

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(10), 3072; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103072 - 24 Sep 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1695

Abstract

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of periodontium which is caused by periodontopathic bacteria. Moreover, various cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6 are expressed in the inflamed periodontium. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) protect cells from abnormal conditions including inflammation, [...] Read more.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of periodontium which is caused by periodontopathic bacteria. Moreover, various cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6 are expressed in the inflamed periodontium. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) protect cells from abnormal conditions including inflammation, microbial infection and diseases. The 70-kDa HSPs (HSP70s) are major HSPs that express in the inflamed tissues. In this study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was applied to measure the levels of HSP70 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from two periodontal pockets in each of 10 patients with Stage III, Grade B periodontitis. Sites with probing pocket depth (PPD) of ≤3 mm were named the healthy control (HC) sites, and sites with PPD of ≥5 mm were named the diseased sites. HSP70 levels in GCF were expressed higher at diseased sites than at HC sites, and decreased after initial periodontal therapy at diseased sites. These results suggest the association of HSP70 with the stage of periodontitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis)

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