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Patterns of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep and Geriatric Diseases

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A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2021) | Viewed by 30562

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Hyuntae Park

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Guest Editor

Department of Health Care Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
Interests: MCI; sarcopenia; frailty; physical activity; exercise; digital therapeutics; smart healthcare
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Fumiharu Togo

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Assistant Guest Editor

Educational Physiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
Interests: sleep; physical activity; mental health; depression; circadian rhythme
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Dr. Yung Liao

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Assistant Guest Editor

Graduate Institute of Sports, Leisure and Hospitality Management, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Heping East Road Section 1, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Interests: behavioral epidemiology; obesity prevention; environment and physical activity; sedentary behavior and health; health-related quality of life in the elderly; diet
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Tao Chen

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Assistant Guest Editor

Department of Health Care Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
Interests: physical activity; sedentary behavior and functional outcomes in older adults

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The world is experiencing a rapid population aging, with more than 900 million aged 60 and over, and this number is expected to double by 2050. The increasing number of older populations accompanied by the increased burden of chronic disease and disability results in significant challenges on the social, economic, and health system. Identification of the risk and protective factors that contribute to better physical and mental health and functional capacity in the aging process is thus urgently needed.

Insufficient physical activity and excess sedentary behavior have been linked with various adverse health outcomes, including high risk of all-cause mortality, incidence of chronic diseases, as well as poor cognitive and physical functions in older adults. Accordingly, existing public health guidelines recommend moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in bouts lasting at least 10 min and reduced sedentary time to achieve health benefits in older adults. However, it remains unclear whether less intense physical activity, such as moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in bouts of <10 min or light intensity physical activity, may be also beneficial. Moreover, experimental studies have shown uninterrupted sedentary behavior exerted higher detrimental cardiometabolic effects than sedentary behavior that is periodically interrupted. However, the role of sedentary bouts or breaks in relation to health outcomes in older adults is also unclear.

As one of the most important behavior factors, poor sleep pattern (insufficient sleep time, insomnia, etc.) is also related to worse physical and mental health, including frailty, depression, cognitive decline, and dementia. However, most studies have examined the association between sleep and health outcomes in isolation or only with adjustment for time spent in other behaviors (e.g., time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity). Less is known about the synergistic effects of sleep pattern, physical activity, and sedentary behavior in health implications for older individuals. In addition, given that time is finite for individuals, increasing time in one behavior necessarily displaces time in another, and the health impacts of sleep, physical activity, and sedentary behavior could be interdependent on each other. Thus, understanding the potential combined health benefits of these behaviors is of substantial public health interest.

This Special Issue seeks reviews, brief commutations, and original articles focusing on the individual and combined associations of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep patterns with geriatric outcomes in older adults. The keywords bellow provide an outline of some of the possible areas of interests.

Prof. Dr. Hyuntae Park
Assoc. Prof. Fumiharu Togo
Dr. Yung Liao
Dr. Tao Chen
Guest Editors

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Physical activity
Sedentary behavior
Sleep
Behavior pattern
Frailty
Sarcopenia
Dementia
Older adults
Geriatric diseases

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

12 pages, 718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sleeping Duration, Napping and Snoring in Association with Diabetes Control among Patients with Diabetes in Qatar

by Hiba Bawadi, Asma Al Sada, Noof Al Mansoori, Sharifa Al Mannai, Aya Hamdan, Zumin Shi and Abdelhamid Kerkadi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(8), 4017; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084017 - 12 Apr 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2883

Abstract

Background: Poor glycemic control is associated with chronic life-threatening complications. Several studies have revealed that sleep status is associated with glycemic control. Aim: to examine the association between sleep duration, quality and glycemic control among adults with diabetes. Methods: Data on 2500 participants aged 18–60 years were collected from the Qatar Biobank (QBB). Sleep duration and quality were assessed by a self-completed health and lifestyle questionnaire, and glycemic control was assessed using HbA1c. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between sleep duration, napping, snoring and poor glycemic control. Results: After adjusting for age and gender, sleep duration was not associated with poor glycemic control. Lack of association persisted after controlling for smoking, physical activity, education, BMI, fruit and vegetable intake, insulin and medication use. However, sleeping for long hours at night (≥8 h) had a trend in increasing the risk of poor glycemic control (OR = 1.28; 95% CI: 0.94–1.74). Napping was positively associated with poor glycemic control. After adjusting for age and gender, patients who reported “sometimes, frequently, or always” napping had more than 30% increased risk of poor control as compared to patients who reported “never/rarely” napping. Snoring was not associated with poor glycemic control among the study sample when adjusted for age and gender (p = 0.61). Other factors were found to be associated with a better glycemic control such as female, high educational and high physical activity level. Conclusions: our results suggest that napping may be an independent risk factor for a poor glycemic control in diabetes; further investigations are required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Patterns of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep and Geriatric Diseases)

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12 pages, 2194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Normative Data of Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in Community—Dwelling Older Japanese

by Harukaze Yatsugi, Tao Chen, Si Chen, Kenji Narazaki, Sho Nagayoshi, Shuzo Kumagai and Hiro Kishimoto

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(7), 3577; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073577 - 30 Mar 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2557

Abstract

Background: The amounts of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA), light-intensity physical activity (LPA), and sedentary time (ST) by sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) in older Japanese adults have not been known. We conducted this study to determine the actual physical activity (PA) and ST in this population. Subjects and Methods: A total of 3998 community-dwelling Japanese adults aged ≥65 years were investigated. Their levels of PA and ST and number of steps taken daily were assessed for seven consecutive days by a tri-axial accelerometer. Normative values of daily PA and ST were analyzed by age and BMI groups in the men and the women and are presented as mean, median, or decile. Results: The subjects generally adhered to the PA guideline, i.e., ≥10 metabolic equivalents (METs)·hour MVPA per week. Older age was associated with lower adherence to the PA guideline. Conclusions: Normative values (mean, median, or decile) were yielded for MVPA, LPA, and ST based on accelerometer readings in a large sample of older community-dwelling Japanese adults. One-half of the subjects’ waking time was spent being sedentary, and >70% of the subjects met the current PA guideline by engaging in MVPA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Patterns of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep and Geriatric Diseases)

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10 pages, 1063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bone Mineral Density in Different Menopause Stages is Associated with Follicle Stimulating Hormone Levels in Healthy Women

by Young-Min Park, Catherine M. Jankowski, Christine M. Swanson, Kerry L. Hildreth, Wendy M. Kohrt and Kerrie L. Moreau

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(3), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031200 - 29 Jan 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2820

Abstract

Although estradiol (E₂) has been believed to be the most critical factor in the menopause-associated decrease in bone mineral density (BMD), the role of increasing follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) during menopause is relatively unclear. We determined the extent to which hip and lumbar spine BMD differ among the stages of menopause in healthy women, and whether BMD is associated with FSH and E₂ levels. A cross-sectional study of 141 healthy women classified as premenopausal (Pre; 38 ± 6 yrs; mean ± SD, n = 30), early perimenopausal (EPeri; 50 ± 3yrs, n = 31), late perimenopausal (LPeri; 50 ± 4yrs, n = 30), early postmenopausal (EPost; 55 ± 3yrs, n = 24), or late postmenopausal (LPost; 62 ± 4 yrs, n = 26), was conducted. Spine/hip BMD and sex hormones were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and enzymatic/colorimetric methods, respectively. Compared to EPeri, spine BMD was lower (p < 0.05) in LPeri, EPost, and LPost and hip BMD was lower (p < 0.05) in EPost and LPost. BMD was inversely associated with FSH (spine: r = −0.341; hip: r = −0.271, p < 0.05) and directly associated with E₂ (spine: r = 0.274; hip: r = 0.256, p < 0.05). The menopause-related loss of spine and hip BMD is associated not only with low E₂ but also higher FSH. Future studies are essential to delineating the mechanisms by which FSH regulates bone health in aging women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Patterns of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep and Geriatric Diseases)

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10 pages, 1105 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships of Fat and Muscle Mass with Chronic Kidney Disease in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study

by Bokun Kim, Hyuntae Park, Gwonmin Kim, Tomonori Isobe, Takeji Sakae and Sechang Oh

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(23), 9124; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239124 - 07 Dec 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2817

Abstract

This cross-sectional pilot study aimed to assess the relationships of fat and muscle mass with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in older adults. Serum creatinine concentration was used to measure estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m²) in the 236 subjects, who were allocated to three groups: a normal (≥60.0), a mild CKD (45.0–59.9), and a moderate to severe CKD (<45.0) group. The Jonckheere-Terpstra test and multivariate logistic regression were employed to assess body composition trends and the relationships of % fat mass (FM) or % muscle mass index (MMI) with moderate-to-severe CKD. Body weight, fat-free mass, MMI, and %MMI tended to decrease with an increase in the severity of CKD, but the opposite trend was identified for %FM. No relationship with BMI was identified. The participants in the middle-high and highest quartile for %FM were 6.55 and 14.31 times more likely to have moderate to severe CKD. Conversely, the participants in the highest quartile for %MMI were 0.07 times less likely to have moderate to severe CKD. Thus, high fat and low muscle mass may be more strongly associated with CKD than obesity per se. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Patterns of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep and Geriatric Diseases)

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15 pages, 1084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Gait Variability and Gait-Ability Decline in Elderly Women with Subthreshold Insomnia Stage

by Taesang Lee, Myeounggon Lee, Changhong Youm, Byungjoo Noh and Hwayoung Park

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(14), 5181; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145181 - 17 Jul 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2437

Abstract

This study investigates the gait characteristics of elderly women, aged more than 65 years, with subthreshold insomnia stage at various walking speeds. A total of 392 participants (insomnia: 202 and controls: 190) wearing shoe-type inertial measurement units completed walking tests on a treadmill for a duration of 1 min at slower, preferred, and faster speeds. The insomnia group indicated lower pace parameters (range of Cohen’s d: 0.283–0.499) and the single support phase (Cohen’s d: 0.237), greater gait variability (range of Cohen’s d: 0.217–0.506), and bilateral coordination (range of Cohen’s d: 0.254–0.319), compared with their age-matched controls; the coefficient of variance (CV) of the stance phase at the faster speed condition was a crucial variable for distinguishing between insomnia and control groups. In addition, the insomnia group demonstrated insufficient gait adaptation at the slower and preferred speeds, as indicated by the CVs of the stride length, stride time, and step time. In particular, participants with worsened insomnia symptoms or sleep problems showed that these worse gait patterns may increase the potential risk of falling in elderly women. Thus, elderly women with subthreshold insomnia stage need to improve their sleep quality to enhance their physical functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Patterns of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep and Geriatric Diseases)

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9 pages, 5574 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy System Contributions and Physical Activity in Specific Age Groups during Exergames

by Seung-Bo Park, Minjun Kim, Eunseok Lee, Doowon Lee, Seong Jun Son, Junggi Hong and Woo-Hwi Yang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(13), 4905; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134905 - 07 Jul 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4088

Abstract

Exergames have been recommended as alternative ways to increase the health benefits of physical exercise. However, energy system contributions (phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative) of exergames in specific age groups remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the contributions of three energy systems and metabolic profiles in specific age groups during exergames. Seventy-four healthy males and females participated in this study (older adults, n = 26: Age of 75.4 ± 4.4 years, body mass of 59.4 ± 8.7 kg, height of 157.2 ± 8.6 cm; adults, n = 24: Age of 27.8 ± 3.3 years, body mass of 73.4 ± 17.8 kg, height of 170.9 ± 11.9 cm; and adolescents, n = 24: Age of 14 ± 0.8 years, body mass of 71.3 ± 11.5 kg, height of 173.3 ± 5.2 cm). To evaluate the demands of different energy systems, all participants engaged in exergames named Action-Racing. Exergames protocol comprised whole-body exercises such as standing, sitting, stopping, jumping, and arm swinging. During exergames, mean heart rate (HR_mean), peak heart rate (HR_peak), mean oxygen uptake (VO_2mean), peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak), peak lactate (Peak La⁻), difference in lactate (ΔLa⁻), phosphagen (W_PCr), glycolytic (W_La⁻), oxidative (W_AER), and total energy demands (W_Total) were analyzed. The contribution of the oxidative energy system was higher than that of the phosphagen or glycolytic energy system (65.9 ± 12% vs. 29.5 ± 11.1% or 4.6 ± 3.3%, both p < 0.001). The contributions of the total energy demands and oxidative system in older adults were significantly lower than those in adults and adolescents (72.1 ± 28 kJ, p = 0.028; 70.3 ± 24.1 kJ, p = 0.024, respectively). The oxidative energy system was predominantly used for exergames applied in the current study. In addition, total metabolic work in older adults was lower than that in adolescents and adults. This was due to a decrease in the oxidative energy system. For future studies, quantification of intensity and volume is needed to optimize exergames. Such an approach plays a crucial role in encouraging physical activity in limited spaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Patterns of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep and Geriatric Diseases)

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11 pages, 697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associating Gait Phase and Physical Fitness with Global Cognitive Function in the Aged

by Byungjoo Noh, Changhong Youm, Myeounggon Lee and Hwayoung Park

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(13), 4786; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134786 - 03 Jul 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2390

Abstract

This study aimed to identify classifier variables by considering both gait and physical fitness for identifying adults aged over 75 years and global cognitive function declines in older adults. The participants included 735 adults aged 65–89 years who were asked to walk at three different speeds (slower, preferred, and faster) while wearing inertial measurement units embedded in shoe-type data loggers and to perform nine physical fitness tests. The variability in the stance phase as well as the strength, balance, and functional endurance showed a strong dependence on the age being over 75 years. The cognitive function was evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination; a longer stance phase at a slower walking speed and decreased grip strength and five times sit-to-stand were associated with cognitive function. These findings may be useful for determining the decline in physical performance of older adults. A longer stance phase and decreased grip strength and five times sit-to-stand may be factors that help distinguish declines in cognitive function from normal age-related declines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Patterns of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep and Geriatric Diseases)

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13 pages, 733 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accelerometer-Measured Diurnal Patterns of Sedentary Behavior among Japanese Workers: A Descriptive Epidemiological Study

by Sayaka Kurosawa, Ai Shibata, Kaori Ishii, Mohammad Javad Koohsari and Koichiro Oka

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(11), 3814; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113814 - 27 May 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2689

Abstract

Increased sedentary behavior (SB) can adversely affect health. Understanding time-dependent patterns of SB and its correlates can inform targeted approaches for prevention. This study examined diurnal patterns of SB and its sociodemographic associations among Japanese workers. The proportion of sedentary time (% of wear time) and the number of breaks in SB (times/sedentary hour) of 405 workers (aged 40–64 years) were assessed using an accelerometer. SB patterns and sociodemographic associations between each time period (morning, afternoon, evening) on workdays and nonworkdays were examined in a series of multivariate regression analyses, adjusting for other sociodemographic associations. On both workdays and nonworkdays, the proportion of sedentary time was lowest in the morning and increased towards evening (b = 12.95, 95% CI: 11.28 to 14.62; b = 14.31, 95% CI: 12.73 to 15.88), with opposite trend for breaks. Being male was consistently correlated with SB. Other sociodemographic correlates differed depending on time-of-day and day-of-the-week. For instance, desk-based workstyles and urban residential area were associated with SB during workday mornings and afternoons, being single was related to mornings and evenings, workdays and nonworkdays. Initiatives to address SB should focus not only on work-related but time-of-day contexts, especially for at-risk subgroups during each period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Patterns of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep and Geriatric Diseases)

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12 pages, 951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Mediation Effect of Self–Report Physical Activity Patterns in the Relationship between Educational Level and Cognitive Impairment in Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Chilean Health National Survey 2016–2017

by Patricio Solis-Urra, Julio Plaza-Diaz, Ana Isabel Álvarez-Mercado, Fernando Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Carlos Cristi-Montero, Juan Pablo Zavala-Crichton, Jorge Olivares-Arancibia, Javier Sanchez-Martinez and Francisco Abadía-Molina

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(8), 2619; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082619 - 11 Apr 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3379

Abstract

The aims of this cross-sectional study were (i) to determine the association of educational level attained with cognitive impairment and (ii) to investigate the mediating effect of different self-report physical activity (PA) patterns in a large sample of older Chileans. A sample of 1571 older adults from the National Chilean Survey (2016–2017) was included. The educational level attained, PA levels, mode of commuting, sedentary time, and leisure-time PA were self-reported through validated questionnaires. Cognitive impairment was determined by Mini-Mental State Examination (modified version). Association between educational level attained and cognitive impairment was examined using logistic regression models. Counterfactual mediation models were used to test the mediating effect of self-reported PA patterns. A lower educational level was consistently associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment (OR range 2.846 to 2.266, all p < 0.001), while leisure-time PA was the only PA pattern that partially mediated this association (proportion mediated 8.0%). In conclusion, leisure-time PA was the solely PA pattern that partially mediated the association between the educational level and cognitive impairment. The rest self-reported PA patterns did not modify this association. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Patterns of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep and Geriatric Diseases)

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Review

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25 pages, 874 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review of Children’s Physical Activity Patterns: Concept, Operational Definitions, Instruments, Statistical Analyses, and Health Implications

by Thayse Natacha Gomes, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Sara Pereira, Mabliny Thuany, Martyn Standage and José Maia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(16), 5837; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165837 - 12 Aug 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3195

Abstract

Despite the widespread use of the expression “physical activity pattern” (PAP), there apparently is no general consensus regarding its definition. This systematic review aimed to examine available research focussing on (1) definitions of PAP, (2) instruments/techniques used to describe PAP, (3) statistical approaches used to analyse PAP, and (4) implications of PAP on children’s health. A systematic review of the available literature was done to identify studies published up to October 2019, and 76 studies were eligible. None of the studies presented a formal definition of PAP; a wide range of instruments were used to investigate children’s PAP, and most of the revised studies did not explicitly present a formal statistical model to define PAP. Twenty-four papers purported to examine associations between PAP and health indicators. The review highlights no consensus on a clear PAP definition whatever the instrument used to capture it, and we did not find any agreement regarding how best to analyse PAP. We suggest that PAP should be used when targeting the investigation of similarities/dissimilarities, as well as stabilities and/or changes in children’s PA at an intra-personal level. In sum, PAP should be used to best describe individual streams of behaviours, and not exclusively PA levels/intensities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Patterns of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep and Geriatric Diseases)

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