Research

11 pages, 574 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regenerative Therapy Modality for Treatment of True Combined Endodontic-Periodontal Lesions: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

by Reham AlJasser, Sundus Bukhary, Mohammed AlSarhan, Dalal Alotaibi, Saleh AlOraini and Syed Rashid Habib

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(12), 6220; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126220 - 08 Jun 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3884

Abstract

The aim of this in-vivo study was to evaluate/compare the clinical periodontal parameters in patients with true combined endo-perio lesions (EPL), treated with gutta-percha (GP) and mineral trioxide (MTA) as an obturation material alone and with addition of bone grafting in such lesions. [...] Read more.

The aim of this in-vivo study was to evaluate/compare the clinical periodontal parameters in patients with true combined endo-perio lesions (EPL), treated with gutta-percha (GP) and mineral trioxide (MTA) as an obturation material alone and with addition of bone grafting in such lesions. 120 Saudi patients (mean age = 41yrs) diagnosed with true combined EPL participated in this study. Group I (control group, n = 30) was treated with conventional endodontic treatment using GP for obturation. Group II (n = 30) was treated with conventional endodontic treatment using MTA for obturation. Group III (n = 30) was treated with conventional endodontic treatment using GP for obturation + grafting procedure to fill the bony defect. Group IV (n = 30) was treated with conventional endodontic treatment using MTA for obturation + grafting procedure to fill the bony defect. Clinical parameters (Pocket depth (PD); Clinical attachment loss (CAL); keratinized tissue width (KTW); gingival phenotype (G.Ph.) and Cone Beam Computed Tomography Periapical Index (CBCTPAI)) were recorded and compared at baseline, 3, 6, 12 months’ interval. For the groups III and IV, CBCTPAI showed significant difference (p < 0.0001) with the other groups at 6 months and 1-year interval. The group with MTA + bone graft showed 76% and 90% patients with 0 score at 6 months and 1-year follow-up, respectively. Comparison of mean values of PD among study groups at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year showed significant difference at 3 months, whereas the mean PD values of subjects in GP + bone graft showed significantly higher PD values than other 3 groups (p = 0.025). Use of GP and MTA for root canal obturation along with periodontal therapy and bone augmentation helps in resolving complex endo-perio lesions. Bone grafting in addition to obturation with MTA was found to be the best treatment strategy in management of EPL cases and is recommended for clinicians who are treating EPL patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Diseases)

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10 pages, 479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Fixed Dental Crowns and Volatile Sulphur Compounds

by Hamad Alzoman, Syed Rashid Habib, Sultan Alghamdi, Hebah Al-Juhani, Rawan Daabash, Wijdan Al-Khalid, Mansour Al-Askar and Sulieman Al-Johany

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(3), 1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031283 - 01 Feb 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2374

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the level of halitosis in patients with/without fixed crowns and in addition the influence of various crown parameters on halitosis was also explored. Methods: In total, 96 subjects (fixed crowns = 52; [...] Read more.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the level of halitosis in patients with/without fixed crowns and in addition the influence of various crown parameters on halitosis was also explored. Methods: In total, 96 subjects (fixed crowns = 52; no crowns = 44) participated in the study. The levels volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), and dimethyl sulphide (CH3SCH3) were evaluated with breath samples using gas chromatography and used for classification as presence or absence of halitosis. The periodontal clinical parameters for all the participants as well as the crown parameters for participants with fixed crowns were also evaluated. Cross tabulation, Chi-square test, and one-way analysis of variance tests were used for the statistical analysis and comparisons. Results: Breath samples revealed, 50 (52.1%) participants were suffering from halitosis. Out of VSCs, the level of CH3SCH3 (62.5%) was found to be the most prevalent. Significant correlations were observed between the presence of fixed crowns and oral halitosis (p < 0.001). Statistically significant difference in the concentration of H2S and CH3SH (p < 0.001) and no significance for CH3SCH3 (p = 0.075) between patients with/without fixed crowns was found. The presence of halitosis was more prevalent in the subjects with crown parameters (subgingival margin, over-contoured margin, open-crown margin, over-contoured and under-contoured crowns) considered clinically defective/unacceptable (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Presence of fixed dental crowns significantly contributes to the oral halitosis. Dental crowns with defects significantly impair the hygienic conditions and oral microflora resulting in high prevalence of halitosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Diseases)

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13 pages, 782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blood Pressure and Tooth Loss: A Large Cross-Sectional Study with Age Mediation Analysis

by José João Mendes, João Viana, Filipe Cruz, Dinis Pereira, Sílvia Ferreira, Paula Pereira, Luís Proença, Vanessa Machado, João Botelho, João Rua and Ana Sintra Delgado

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(1), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010285 - 02 Jan 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3683

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the association between blood pressure (BP) and tooth loss and the mediation effect of age. A cross-sectional study from a reference dental hospital was conducted from September 2017 to July 2020. Single measures of BP were taken via an [...] Read more.

We aimed to investigate the association between blood pressure (BP) and tooth loss and the mediation effect of age. A cross-sectional study from a reference dental hospital was conducted from September 2017 to July 2020. Single measures of BP were taken via an automated sphygmomanometer device. Tooth loss was assessed through oral examination and confirmed radiographically. Severe tooth loss was defined as 10 or more teeth lost. Additional study covariates were collected via sociodemographic and medical questionnaires. A total of 10,576 patients were included. Hypertension was more prevalent in severe tooth loss patients than nonsevere tooth lost (56.1% vs. 39.3%, p < 0.001). The frequency of likely undiagnosed hypertension was 43.4%. The adjusted logistic model for sex, smoking habits and body mass index confirmed the association between continuous measures of high BP and continuous measures of tooth loss (odds ratio (OR) = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03–1.06, p < 0.001). Age mediated 80.0% and 87.5% of the association between periodontitis with both systolic BP (p < 0.001) and diastolic BP (p < 0.001), respectively. Therefore, hypertension and tooth loss are associated, with a consistent mediation effect of age. Frequency of undiagnosed hypertension was elevated. Age, gender, active smoking, and BMI were independently associated with raised BP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Diseases)

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11 pages, 665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fear and Practice Modifications among Dentists to Combat Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak

by Muhammad Adeel Ahmed, Rizwan Jouhar, Naseer Ahmed, Samira Adnan, Marziya Aftab, Muhammad Sohail Zafar and Zohaib Khurshid

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(8), 2821; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082821 - 19 Apr 2020

Cited by 379 | Viewed by 25158

Abstract

An outbreak of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China has influenced every aspect of life. Healthcare professionals, especially dentists, are exposed to a higher risk of getting infected due to close contact with infected patients. The current study was conducted to assess anxiety [...] Read more.

An outbreak of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China has influenced every aspect of life. Healthcare professionals, especially dentists, are exposed to a higher risk of getting infected due to close contact with infected patients. The current study was conducted to assess anxiety and fear of getting infected among dentists while working during the current novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) outbreak. In addition, dentists’ knowledge about various practice modifications to combat COVID-19 has been evaluated. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey from 10th to 17th March 2020. The well-constructed questionnaire was designed and registered at online website (Kwiksurveys) and validated. A total of 669 participants from 30 different countries across the world responded. After scrutiny, completed questionnaires (n = 650) were included in the study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Chi-Square and Spearman correlation tests were applied to control confounders and assess the relation of dentists’ response with respect to gender and educational level. More than two-thirds of the general dental practitioners (78%) from 30 countries questioned were anxious and scared by the devastating effects of COVID-19. A large number of dentists (90%) were aware of recent changes in the treatment protocols. However, execution of amended treatment protocol was recorded as 61%. The majority of the dentists (76%) were working in the hospital setting out of which 74% were from private, and 20% were from government setups. Individually we received a large number of responses from Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, but collectively more than 50% of the responses were from other parts of the world. Despite having a high standard of knowledge and practice, dental practitioners around the globe are in a state of anxiety and fear while working in their respective fields due to the COVID-19 pandemic impact on humanity. A number of dental practices have either modified their services according to the recommended guidelines to emergency treatment only or closed down practices for an uncertain period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Diseases)

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13 pages, 1492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dental Care for Asylum-Seekers in Germany: A Retrospective Hospital-Based Study

by Anna Freiberg, Andreas Wienke, Lena Bauer, Andreas Niedermaier and Amand Führer

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(8), 2672; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082672 - 13 Apr 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3939

Abstract

Background: The growing immigration to Germany led to more patients whose medical needs are divergent from those of the domestic population. In the field of dental health care there is a debate about how well the German health system is able to meet [...] Read more.

Background: The growing immigration to Germany led to more patients whose medical needs are divergent from those of the domestic population. In the field of dental health care there is a debate about how well the German health system is able to meet the resulting challenges. Data on asylum-seekers’ dental health is scarce. This work is intended to reduce this data gap. Methods: We conducted this retrospective observational study in Halle (Saale), Germany. We included all persons who were registered with the social welfare office (SWO) in 2015 and received dental treatments. From the medical records, we derived information such as complaints, diagnoses, and treatments. Results: Out of 4107 asylum-seekers, the SWO received a bill for 568 people. On average, there were 1.44 treatment cases (95%-CI: 1.34–1.55) and 2.53 contacts with the dentist per patient (95%-CI: 2.33–2.74). Among those, the majority went to the dentist because of localized (43.2%, 95%-CI: 38.7–47.7) and non-localized pain (32.0%, 95%-CI: 27.8–36.2). The most widespread diagnosis was caries (n = 469, 98.7%, 95%-CI: 97.7–99.7). Conclusion: The utilization of dental care is lower among asylum-seekers than among regularly insured patients. We assume that the low prevalence rates in our data indicate existing access barriers to the German health care system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Diseases)

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10 pages, 307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Periodontal Condition Is Correlated with Deep and Subcortical White Matter Hyperintensity Lesions in Japanese Adults

by Minako Hada, Tetsuji Azuma, Koichiro Irie, Takatoshi Yonenaga, Kazutoshi Watanabe, Fumiko Deguchi, Akihiro Obora, Takao Kojima and Takaaki Tomofuji

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(5), 1694; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051694 - 05 Mar 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2290

Abstract

Deep and subcortical white matter hyperintensity (DSWMH) lesions are a small-vessel disease of the brain. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationship between DSWMH lesions and periodontal status in Japanese adults who participated in a health check. We enrolled [...] Read more.

Deep and subcortical white matter hyperintensity (DSWMH) lesions are a small-vessel disease of the brain. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationship between DSWMH lesions and periodontal status in Japanese adults who participated in a health check. We enrolled 444 consecutive participants (mean age, 54.5 years) who received both brain and oral health evaluation services at the Asahi University Hospital. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to detect DSWMH lesions. Periodontal status was assessed using the community periodontal index. Of the study participants, 215 (48.4%) had DSWMH lesions. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the presence of DSWMH lesions was significantly related to age ≥ 65 years (vs. < 65 years, odds ratio [OR] = 2.984, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.696–5.232), systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg (vs. < 140 mmHg, OR = 2.579, 95% CI = 1.252–5.314), the presence of ≥ 28 teeth (vs. < 28 teeth, OR = 0.635, 95% CI = 0.420–0.961), and probing pocket depth (PPD) ≥ 6 mm (vs. PPD < 6 mm, OR = 1.948, 95% CI = 1.132–3.354) after adjustment for confounding factors. Having PPD ≥ 6 mm may be a risk factor for DSWMH lesions in Japanese adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Diseases)

10 pages, 347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Factors Associated with Carious Lesions in Permanent First Molars in Children: A Seven-Year Retrospective Cohort Study

by Carmen Llena, Elena Calabuig, José Luis Sanz and Maria Melo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(4), 1421; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041421 - 22 Feb 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3217

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with the occurrence of caries in permanent teeth (PT) and in the permanent first molar (PFM) seven years after their eruption. Children born in 2005 who were enrolled in a Community [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with the occurrence of caries in permanent teeth (PT) and in the permanent first molar (PFM) seven years after their eruption. Children born in 2005 who were enrolled in a Community Dental Program were included. A total of 278 children were enrolled. Evaluated risk factors were parental caries experience, educational level of the mother, routine medications, systemic diseases, dietary habits, toothbrushing frequency, existence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in the PT, and caries in the temporary teeth (TT). Associations between independent variables and the DMF-T (decayed, missing, and filled teeth in PT) and DMF-M (DMF in PFM) indices, only considering cavitated and non-cavitated carious lesions or cavitated carious lesions as outcomes, were evaluated by Poisson regression with robust variance analysis. A cariogenic diet (sweets and soft drinks), toothbrushing frequency of <1 a day, a presence of df-t (decayed and filled temporary teeth) score of >0, low educational level of the mother, and existence of MIH were associated with high DMF-T or DMF-M values (p < 0.05). We can conclude that the intake of sweets and soft drinks, toothbrushing frequency, the presence of caries in TT, and MIH in PT were the best predictors of the occurrence of caries in PT and PFM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Diseases)

11 pages, 1469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Melatonin as an Agent for Direct Pulp-Capping Treatment

by Julia Guerrero-Gironés, Antonia Alcaina-Lorente, Clara Ortiz-Ruiz, Eduardo Ortiz-Ruiz, María P. Pecci-Lloret, Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Lozano, Carlos M. Martínez and Antonio José Ortiz-Ruiz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(3), 1043; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031043 - 06 Feb 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3259

Abstract

Melatonin plays an essential role in the regulation of bone growth. The actions that melatonin exerts on odontoblasts may be similar to its action on osteoblasts. This research aimed to evaluate the pulp response to melatonin used for direct pulp capping to evaluate [...] Read more.

Melatonin plays an essential role in the regulation of bone growth. The actions that melatonin exerts on odontoblasts may be similar to its action on osteoblasts. This research aimed to evaluate the pulp response to melatonin used for direct pulp capping to evaluate the antioxidant effect of melatonin administered orally and its influence on dental pulp. Direct pulp capping was performed on the upper molars of Sprague Dawley rats using melatonin or Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA). The study groups were: MTA; Melatonin; MTA + Melatonin administered orally; and Melatonin + Melatonin administered orally. In the latter two groups, the animals drank water dosed with melatonin ad libitum (10 mg/100 mL). After 30 days, the animals were sacrificed, and 5 ml of blood, the kidneys, and the liver were extracted in order to evaluate oxidative stress using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances testing (TBARS). Fragments of the maxilla containing the study molars were prepared for histological evaluation. The degree of pulp inflammation and pulp necrosis, the presence of reparative dentin and dentin bridging the pulp chamber, the presence and regularity of the odontoblastic layer, and the presence of pulp fibrosis were evaluated. No significant differences were found between the four study groups for any of the studied histological variables. The oral administration of melatonin did not modify the local effects of MTA or melatonin on dental pulp, or reduce basal-level oxidative stress. The effect of melatonin on pulp is similar to that of MTA and may be used as an agent for direct pulp capping. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Diseases)

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10 pages, 2086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Chinese Propolis as an Intracanal Medicament on Post-Operative Endodontic Pain: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

by Juzer Shabbir, Fazal Qazi, Waqas Farooqui, Shahbaz Ahmed, Tazeen Zehra and Zohaib Khurshid

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(2), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020445 - 09 Jan 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4727

Abstract

Propolis is a potent anti-microbial and natural anti-inflammatory by-product obtained from the beehive. Studies have demonstrated the superior biocompatibility and anti-microbial properties of propolis as compared to calcium hydroxide. However, its effect on postoperative endodontic pain is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to [...] Read more.

Propolis is a potent anti-microbial and natural anti-inflammatory by-product obtained from the beehive. Studies have demonstrated the superior biocompatibility and anti-microbial properties of propolis as compared to calcium hydroxide. However, its effect on postoperative endodontic pain is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of Chinese propolis paste as an intracanal medicament on postoperative endodontic pain intensities compared with calcium hydroxide (control) at different time intervals in necrotic teeth with periapical radiolucency. Eighty patients with single-rooted necrotic teeth with visible periapical radiolucency were recruited and randomly allocated to either the calcium hydroxide or propolis groups. After chemo-mechanical preparation and intracanal medicament insertion, patients were given the VAS (visual analogue scale) to record pain scores. Inter-group data were compared and analyzed using two-way repeated measure ANOVA (Bonferroni test). A p-value of < 0.025 was considered significant. In total, >78% of the patients experienced no or only mild post-operative pain in both the groups at all time intervals, without any significant difference in pain scores between the two groups (p > 0.025). An overall flare-up rate of 14.8% was found. The results suggest that either of these medicaments can be used as an inter-appointment medication for the prevention of postoperative pain in necrotic cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Diseases)

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14 pages, 371 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Oral Health Knowledge and Related Factors among Pregnant Women Attending to a Primary Care Center in Spain

by Carmen Llena, Tasnim Nakdali, José Luís Sanz and Leopoldo Forner

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(24), 5049; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245049 - 11 Dec 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4834

Abstract

Our aim was to assess the knowledge of pregnant women in terms of oral health and prevention, correlating it with socio-sanitary and educational factors, as well as self-care and oral health state referred. A total of 139 women from a Health Department in [...] Read more.

Our aim was to assess the knowledge of pregnant women in terms of oral health and prevention, correlating it with socio-sanitary and educational factors, as well as self-care and oral health state referred. A total of 139 women from a Health Department in Comunidad Valenciana (Valencia, Spain) participated in the study. They underwent an auto-administered survey which included socio-economic and educational factors, self-care in terms of oral hygiene, referred oral health state, and general knowledge on prevention and oral health. Chi-squared test (χ2 test) and ANOVA (p < 0.05) were performed for the analysis. Variables significantly associated with general knowledge were included in a logistic regression analysis. Variables which explained general knowledge in terms of oral health were Spanish nationality (Exp B = 3.59 p = 0.017), secondary/bachelor or equivalent level of education (Exp B = 0.23 p = 0.010), medium or high level of self-care (Exp B = 0.146 p = 0.024 and Exp B = 0.208 p = 0.046, respectively), and medium or high knowledge on prevention (Exp B = 0.092 p = 0.003 and Exp B = 0.280 p = 0.017, respectively). Level of education, nationality, self-care, and knowledge on prevention and oral health were the factors that determined a greater level of general knowledge on oral health from the pregnant women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Diseases)

13 pages, 919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quasi-Randomized Trial of Effects of Perioperative Oral Hygiene Instruction on Inpatients with Heart Diseases Using a Behavioral Six-Step Method

by Chie Omori, Daisuke Ekuni, Yumiko Ohbayashi, Minoru Miyake and Manabu Morita

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(21), 4252; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214252 - 01 Nov 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2576

Abstract

The assessor-blinded, parallel-design, quasi-randomized study (alternating allocation) aimed to determine the effects of the six-step method on postoperative numbers of oral bacteria, periodontal status, and atrial fibrillation (AF) among inpatients with heart diseases and periodontitis. Seventy inpatients who received preoperative periodontal treatment were [...] Read more.

The assessor-blinded, parallel-design, quasi-randomized study (alternating allocation) aimed to determine the effects of the six-step method on postoperative numbers of oral bacteria, periodontal status, and atrial fibrillation (AF) among inpatients with heart diseases and periodontitis. Seventy inpatients who received preoperative periodontal treatment were quasi-randomly assigned to intervention and control groups at University Hospital. The intervention group received intensive oral hygiene instruction using a six-step method for 15 minutes per week and the control group received routine oral hygiene instruction. Significantly fewer oral bacteria were identified on the tongue at discharge compared with baseline in the intervention than the control group (ANCOVA) (large effect size, p = 0.02). Changes in scores for self-efficacy, plaque scores, probed pocket depth, and bleeding on probing between baseline and discharge were significantly greater in the intervention, than in the control group (p < 0.05). The period of postoperative AF (days) was significantly shorter in the intervention, than in the control group (p = 0.019). In conclusion, oral hygiene instruction using the six-step method decreased the numbers of oral bacteria on the tongue and improved self-efficacy, oral health behaviors, oral hygiene status, periodontal status, and period of postoperative AF among inpatients with periodontitis and heart diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Diseases)

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14 pages, 919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Surgical Treatment of Periodontal Disease in a Pregnant Caucasian Women Population: Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes of a Randomized Clinical Trial

by Leticia Caneiro-Queija, Jose López-Carral, Pablo Martin-Lancharro, Jacobo Limeres-Posse, Pedro Diz-Dios and Juan Blanco-Carrion

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(19), 3638; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193638 - 27 Sep 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3730

Abstract

Aim: To analyze if non-surgical treatment of periodontitis in a pregnant Caucasian women population can reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods and results: A parallel randomized clinical trial was designed and approved by the Ethical Committee of Sanitary Area Santiago-Lugo, Spain (registration number: 2016/451). [...] Read more.

Aim: To analyze if non-surgical treatment of periodontitis in a pregnant Caucasian women population can reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods and results: A parallel randomized clinical trial was designed and approved by the Ethical Committee of Sanitary Area Santiago-Lugo, Spain (registration number: 2016/451). Forty patients with periodontitis stage II grade B were randomly allocated to receive either comprehensive non-surgical periodontal therapy (test group; n = 20) or professional tooth cleaning (control group; n = 20) before 24 gestational weeks. Randomization was computer-generated by the statistic program Epidat v.4.1 and allocation was performed using sealed opaque envelopes. Clinical measurements and peripheral blood samples for biochemical variables were collected at baseline, in the middle of second trimester before non-surgical treatment, and in the third trimester. Microbiological samples were collected in the second and third trimester. A statistically significant reduction was verified in all clinical and microbiological parameters after periodontal treatment in the test group. No significant differences were observed for the rest of the variables, including preterm birth and/or low birth weight. No adverse events related to periodontal treatment were reported. Conclusions: Non-surgical periodontal treatment in Caucasian patients with periodontitis stage II grade B did not significantly reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Diseases)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

16 pages, 1264 KiB

Open AccessReview

Changes in Inflammatory Cytokines in Saliva after Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Ji-Youn Kim and Han-Na Kim

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(1), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010194 - 29 Dec 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2832

Abstract

To determine the diagnostic value of inflammatory cytokines in periodontal disease, we performed a systematic review of the changes in inflammatory cytokines after non-surgical periodontal therapy and a meta-analysis of the utility of interleukin (IL)-1β and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 as salivary biomarkers. All [...] Read more.

To determine the diagnostic value of inflammatory cytokines in periodontal disease, we performed a systematic review of the changes in inflammatory cytokines after non-surgical periodontal therapy and a meta-analysis of the utility of interleukin (IL)-1β and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 as salivary biomarkers. All available papers published in English until 20 August 2020, were searched in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Population, intervention, comparison, and outcome data were extracted from the selected studies, and the roles of IL-1β and MMP-8 were assessed in a meta-analysis. Eleven studies, including two meta-analyses, were assessed in the systematic review. Biomarkers showing high levels in periodontal disease were salivary IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, MMP-8, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2, and those in the controls were tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-10, IL-17, and IL-32. Biomarkers that decreased after scaling and root planning (SRP) and oral hygiene instruction (OHI) in periodontitis patients were IL-1β, MMP-8, MMP-9, prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂), and TIMP-2. The pooled standardized mean difference of IL-1β and MMP-8 was −1.04 and 35.90, respectively, but the differences between periodontitis patients and healthy controls were not significant. Although the changes in salivary IL-1β and MMP-8 levels after non-surgical periodontal therapy were not significant, salivary cytokines could be used to confirm the effect of periodontal therapy or diagnose periodontal disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Diseases)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

24 pages, 2424 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Review of Evidence-Based Recommendations for Pericoronitis Management and a Systematic Review of Antibiotic Prescribing for Pericoronitis among Dentists: Inappropriate Pericoronitis Treatment Is a Critical Factor of Antibiotic Overuse in Dentistry

by Jan Schmidt, Martina Kunderova, Nela Pilbauerova and Martin Kapitan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(13), 6796; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136796 - 24 Jun 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 18254

Abstract

This work provides a narrative review covering evidence-based recommendations for pericoronitis management (Part A) and a systematic review of antibiotic prescribing for pericoronitis from January 2000 to May 2021 (Part B). Part A presents the most recent, clinically significant, and evidence-based guidance for [...] Read more.

This work provides a narrative review covering evidence-based recommendations for pericoronitis management (Part A) and a systematic review of antibiotic prescribing for pericoronitis from January 2000 to May 2021 (Part B). Part A presents the most recent, clinically significant, and evidence-based guidance for pericoronitis diagnosis and proper treatment recommending the local therapy over antibiotic prescribing, which should be reserved for severe conditions. The systematic review includes publications analyzing sets of patients treated for pericoronitis and questionnaires that identified dentists’ therapeutic approaches to pericoronitis. Questionnaires among dentists revealed that almost 75% of them prescribed antibiotics for pericoronitis, and pericoronitis was among the top 4 in the frequency of antibiotic use within the surveyed diagnoses and situations. Studies involving patients showed that antibiotics were prescribed to more than half of the patients with pericoronitis, and pericoronitis was among the top 2 in the frequency of antibiotic use within the monitored diagnoses and situations. The most prescribed antibiotics for pericoronitis were amoxicillin and metronidazole. The systematic review results show abundant and unnecessary use of antibiotics for pericoronitis and are in strong contrast to evidence-based recommendations summarized in the narrative review. Adherence of dental professionals to the recommendations presented in this work can help rapidly reduce the duration of pericoronitis, prevent its complications, and reduce the use of antibiotics and thus reduce its impact on patients’ quality of life, healthcare costs, and antimicrobial resistance development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Diseases)

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Graphical abstract

18 pages, 7174 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Treatment of Stage 2 Medication-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: A Case Series

by Guillermo Pardo-Zamora, Yanet Martínez, Jose Antonio Moreno and Antonio J. Ortiz-Ruíz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(3), 1018; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031018 - 24 Jan 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3512

Abstract

Medication-induced jaw osteonecrosis (MRONJ) is a rare and serious disease with a negative impact on patients’ quality of life, whose exact cause remains unclear and which may have a multifactorial origin. Although there are different therapeutic protocols, there is still no consensus. This [...] Read more.

Medication-induced jaw osteonecrosis (MRONJ) is a rare and serious disease with a negative impact on patients’ quality of life, whose exact cause remains unclear and which may have a multifactorial origin. Although there are different therapeutic protocols, there is still no consensus. This case series evaluated three patients diagnosed with staged 2 MRONJ treated at the University of Murcia dental clinic according to the protocols described by the Spanish Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Within 12 months of the application of therapeutic protocols, the lesions were completely healed in all cases. Radiography showed slow but progressive healing with normal bone structure. Conservative treatment with antibiotics, chlorhexidine rinses and minimally invasive surgical intervention with necrotic bone resection is effective in treating stage 2 of MRONJ. In cases of refractory osteonecrosis, the application of platelet and leukocyte-rich fibrin (PRF-L) in the surgical approach improves the outcome in soft tissue healing and bone regeneration but further research is needed to confirm its effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Diseases)

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Open AccessPerspective

Human Saliva: Non-Invasive Fluid for Detecting Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)

by Zohaib Khurshid, Faris Yahya Ibrahim Asiri and Hamed Al Wadaani

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(7), 2225; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072225 - 26 Mar 2020

Cited by 144 | Viewed by 14789

Abstract

The breakthrough of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, a city of China, has damaged the status of health and quality of life. In the sequel of this epidemic or contagious disease, the patient experiences fever, chest paint, chills, a rapid heartbeat, breathing difficulties, [...] Read more.

The breakthrough of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, a city of China, has damaged the status of health and quality of life. In the sequel of this epidemic or contagious disease, the patient experiences fever, chest paint, chills, a rapid heartbeat, breathing difficulties, pneumonia, and kidney failure. It has been suggested that this disease can spread through human-to-human transmission or by super spreading. By the help of the non-invasive fluid “saliva”, it is easy to detect the virus. This can help with the comfort of the patient as well as healthcare personnel. Under this perspective, we discuss the epidemic situation of 2019-nCOV and its relationship with human saliva. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Diseases)

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