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A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2019) | Viewed by 46659

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Dr. Elisabetta Versino

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Guest Editor

Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences Medical School, University of Torino, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga Regione Gonzole 10, 10064 Orbassano, TO, Italy
Interests: epidemiology; public health; RCT; systematic reviews; CKD

Prof. Dr. Giorgina Barbara Piccoli

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Guest Editor

1. Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, 72037 Le Mans, France
2. Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, ASOU San Luigi, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
Interests: CKD; dietary management and CKD; hemodialysis; tailored dialysis (daily dialysis, incremental dialysis); ethical aspects; long term outcomes; pregnancy and CKD; pregnancy and dietary management in kidney transplantation
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Dear Colleagues,

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been redefined in the new millennium as any alteration of kidney morphology, function, or blood or urine composition lasting for at least three months. This broad definition encompasses also diseases or conditions that are associated with normal kidney function, such as a kidney scar from an acute pyelonephritis episode or a single kidney resulting from kidney donation. The choice of broadening the definition acknowledges the fact that even the first stages of CKD are associated with adverse clinical events (for example, in pregnancy) and with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality.

CKD is a relevant public health problem: according to the 2015 Global Burden of Disease Study, it was the 12th cause of death, leading to 1.1 million deaths worldwide each year; moreover, overall CKD mortality has increased by 31.7% over the last 10 years. These data are likely to be underestimated, and indeed the world kidney day in 2019 is dedicated to care for all patients in all settings, a goal not yet accomplished in developing countries.

Establishing the prevalence of CKD is difficult, since the disease is not found unless searched for, in particular in the early phases of the disease; furthermore, the role of CKD as a cause of death is evident where renal replacement therapy (RRT) is not available, but its role in increasing death risk is not easily calculated. RRT consumes about 3–5% of the global healthcare budget where dialysis is available without restrictions; however, dialysis is not widely available in about two thirds of the overall world population.

While the prevalence of CKD is overall increasing with extending lifespan, being linked to diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and atherosclerosis, CKD is at least partly preventable, and its effects may be at least partly counterbalanced by early and appropriate care. Finally, the World Health Organisation stresses the fact that CKD treatment requires a systematic policy approach, to strengthen all relevant aspects of the health system.

We will welcome papers on all aspects of CKD, including organisation, cost, and models of care. Papers from developing countries will be particularly welcomed.

Prof. Elisabetta Versino
Prof. Giorgina Barbara Piccoli
Guest Editors

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Keywords

CKD
dialysis
kidney transplantation
mortality
morbidity and costs of care–health services integration

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 1463 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Chronic Kidney Disease: The Complex History of the Organization of Long-Term Care and Bioethics. Why Now, More Than Ever, Action is Needed

by Elisabetta Versino and Giorgina Barbara Piccoli

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(5), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050785 - 04 Mar 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 8906

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been redefined in the new millennium as any alteration of kidney morphology, function, blood, or urine composition lasting for at least 3 months. This broad definition also encompasses diseases or conditions that are associated with normal kidney function, such as a kidney scarring from an acute pyelonephritis episode or a single kidney, as a result of kidney donation. CKD is a relevant public health problem. According to the 2015 Global Burden of Disease Study, it was the 12th leading cause of death, leading to 1.1 million deaths, worldwide, each year. The role of CKD as a cause of death is evident where renal replacement therapy (RRT) is not available, however, its role in increasing death risk is not easily calculated. RRT consumes about 3–5% of the global healthcare budget where dialysis is available without restrictions. While the prevalence of CKD is increasing overall as lifespans extend, being linked to diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and atherosclerosis, CKD is at least partly preventable and its effects may be at least partly counterbalanced by early and appropriate care. We will welcome papers on all aspects of CKD, including organization, cost, and models of care. Papers from developing countries will be particularly welcomed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Kidney Disease)

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Research

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21 pages, 3477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Intravenous Calcimimetic Agents: New Options, New Problems. An Example on How Clinical, Economical and Ethical Considerations Affect Choice of Treatment

by Giorgina Barbara Piccoli, Tiziana Trabace, Antoine Chatrenet, Carlos Alberto Carranza de La Torre, Lurlinys Gendrot, Louise Nielsen, Antioco Fois, Giulia Santagati, Patrick Saulnier and Nicola Panocchia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(4), 1238; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041238 - 14 Feb 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2857

Abstract

Background. Dialysis treatment is improving, but several long-term problems remain unsolved, including metabolic bone disease linked to chronic kidney disease (CKD-MBD). The availability of new, efficacious but expensive drugs (intravenous calcimimetic agents) poses ethical problems, especially in the setting of budget limitations. Methods. Reasons of choice, side effects, biochemical trends were discussed in a cohort of 15 patients (13% of the dialysis population) who stared treatment with intravenous calcimimetics in a single center. All patients had previously been treated with oral calcimimetic agents; dialysis efficacy was at target in 14/15; hemodiafiltration was employed in 10/15. Median Charlson Comorbidity Index was 8. The indications were discussed according to the principlist ethics (beneficience, non maleficience, justice and autonomy). Biochemical results were analyzed to support the clinical-ethical choices. Results. In the context of a strict clinical and biochemical surveillance, the lack of side effects ensured “non-maleficence”; efficacy was at least similar to oral calcimimetic agents, but tolerance was better. Autonomy was respected through a shared decision-making model; all patients appreciated the reduction of the drug burden, and most acknowledged better control of their biochemical data. The ethical conflict resides in the balance between the clinical “beneficience, non-maleficience” advantage and “justice” (economic impact of treatment, potentially in attrition with other resources, since the drug is expensive and included in the dialysis bundle). The dilemma is more relevant when a patient’s life expectancy is short (economic impact without clear clinical advantages), or when non-compliance is an issue (unclear advantage if the whole treatment is not correctly taken). Conclusions. In a context of person-centered medicine, autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence should weight more than economic justice. While ethical discussions are not aimed at finding “the right answer” but asking “the right questions”, this example can raise awareness of the importance of including an ethical analysis in the choice of “economically relevant” drugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Kidney Disease)

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8 pages, 394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in Cuttack District of Odisha, India

by Nisith Kumar Mohanty, Krushna Chandra Sahoo, Sanghamitra Pati, Asish K. Sahu and Reena Mohanty

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(2), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020456 - 10 Jan 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4094

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease is one of the major health challenges in India. Cuttack district of the Odisha state of India is regarded as a hotspot for chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, there is limited information on true prevalence. This study estimates the prevalence of CKD in the Narsinghpur block of Cuttack district, Odisha. A cross-sectional study was conducted among population members aged 20–60 years. Using a multi-stage cluster sampling. 24 villages were randomly selected for mass screening for CKD. Blood samples were collected and glomerulus filtration rates were calculated. It was found that among the 2978 people screened, 14.3% were diagnosed with CKD and 10.8% were diagnosed with CKD without either diabetes or hypertension. In one-third of the sampled villages, about 20% population was diagnosed with CKD. The prevalence was higher among males (57%), in the population below 50 years of age (54%), lower socioeconomic groups (70%), and agricultural occupational groups (48%). Groundwater tube wells (49%) and wells (41%) were the main drinking water sources for CKD patients. This study highlights the need for detection of unknown etiologies of CKD and public health interventions for the prevention of CKD in India. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Kidney Disease)

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13 pages, 620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Medication Adherence, Burden and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adults with Predialysis Chronic Kidney Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study

by Wubshet H. Tesfaye, Charlotte McKercher, Gregory M. Peterson, Ronald L. Castelino, Matthew Jose, Syed Tabish R. Zaidi and Barbara C. Wimmer

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(1), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010371 - 06 Jan 2020

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5377

Abstract

This study examines the associations between medication adherence and burden, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in predialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD). A prospective study targeting adults with advanced CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m²) and not receiving renal replacement therapy was conducted in Tasmania, Australia. The actual medication burden was assessed using the 65-item Medication Regimen Complexity Index, whereas perceived burden was self-reported using a brief validated questionnaire. Medication adherence was assessed using a four-item Morisky-Green-Levine Scale (MGLS) and the Tool for Adherence Behaviour Screening (TABS). The Kidney Disease and Quality of Life Short-Form was used to assess HRQOL. Of 464 eligible adults, 101 participated in the baseline interview and 63 completed a follow-up interview at around 14 months. Participants were predominantly men (67%), with a mean age of 72 (SD 11) years and eGFR of 21 (SD 6) mL/min/1.73 m². Overall, 43% and 60% of participants reported medication nonadherence based on MGLS and TABS, respectively. Higher perceived medication burden and desire for decision-making were associated with nonadherent behaviour. Poorer HRQOL was associated with higher regimen complexity, whereas nonadherence was associated with a decline in physical HRQOL over time. Medication nonadherence, driven by perceived medication burden, was prevalent in this cohort, and was associated with a decline in physical HRQOL over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Kidney Disease)

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18 pages, 578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of Waist Circumference, Socioeconomic, Environmental, and Behavioral Factors with Chronic Kidney Disease in Normal Weight, Overweight, and Obese People

by Tuyen Van Duong, Pei-Yu Wu, Evelyn Yang, Yuh-Feng Lin, Hung-Yi Chiou and Shwu-Huey Yang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(24), 5093; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245093 - 13 Dec 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3094

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) places a heavy burden on the healthcare system worldwide. The risk factors may vary by body adiposity. We aimed to investigate the associations of socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral factors with CKD in different groups of body mass indexes (BMI). Methods: A case-control study was conducted in 3280 participants (1048 CKD and 2232 non-CKD) from seven hospitals and nearby communities from May 2012 to August 2015. Personal characteristics, anthropometrics, environmental exposures, and health−related behaviors were assessed using a structured questionnaire. The logistic regression models were utilized for analysis. Results: Older age (odd ratio, OR = 2.85; p < 0.001), being men (OR = 4.23; p < 0.001), smoking (OR = 3.36; p < 0.001), stable income (OR = 0.33; p < 0.001), higher education (OR = 0.37~0.38; p < 0.001), and daily adequate water intake (OR = 0.64; p = 0.010) were associated with CKD in normal weight people. Older age (OR = 2.49; p < 0.001), being men (OR = 3.36; p < 0.001), education (OR = 0.44, p = 0.004), hypertension (OR = 2.93; p<0.001), diabetes (OR = 1.83; p = 0.004), and using traditional Chinese medicine (OR = 2.03, p = 0.014) were associated with CKD in overweight people. Older age (OR = 2.71; p < 0.001), being men (OR = 2.69; p < 0.001), hypertension (OR = 2.93; p < 0.001), diabetes (OR = 1.94; p = 0.001) were associated with CKD in obese people. Conclusions: The associated factors of CKD varied by different groups of BMI. These findings may help to develop potential interventions to manage CKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Kidney Disease)

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12 pages, 586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Illness Perceptions, Self-Care Management, and Clinical Outcomes According to Age-Group in Korean Hemodialysis Patients

by Sisook Kim, Eunhye Kim and Eunjung Ryu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(22), 4459; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224459 - 13 Nov 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3885

Abstract

Illness perception, formed in social-cultural contexts, is the driving force for health behavior. Age difference can affect health outcomes due to its association with socioeconomic status. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between illness perception, self-care management, and clinical outcomes according to the age group in hemodialysis patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Using the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ) and Patient Activation Measure (PAM) 13, clinical outcomes, such as serum phosphorus, potassium, hemoglobin, and albumin were investigated in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Illness perception, self-care management, and clinical outcomes in 189 hemodialysis patients were different according to age group. Younger hemodialysis patients had the lowest illness perception and the highest serum phosphorus. Illness perception was associated with self-care management and clinical outcomes. After the adjusted age, the association between illness perception and self-care management and the association between illness perception and phosphorus were reduced, while the association between illness perception and potassium increased. Uncontrolled phosphorus in younger hemodialysis patients can increase the risk of cardiovascular complications and mortality. To improve self-care management and clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients, reconstruction, or expansion of illness perception needs to be differentiated according to age group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Kidney Disease)

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15 pages, 713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease in an Elderly Population from Eastern China

by Andong Ji, Chunlei Pan, Hongxia Wang, Zhezhen Jin, Joseph H. Lee, Qincheng Wu, Qixiao Jiang and Lianhua Cui

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(22), 4383; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224383 - 09 Nov 2019

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4223

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global major public health problem. Almost all of previous studies evaluating the prevalence of CKD focused on adults, while studies among the elderly were relatively rare, especially in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of CKD among the elderly in Qingdao, China. This was a cross-sectional study with 38,038 inhabitants (aged 60–109) randomly recruited in Qingdao, China. All participants were required to complete a questionnaire for their demographic characteristics. Blood and urine samples of participants were collected, and the albumin and creatinine levels were measured for albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) assessment. The associations between risk factors and indicators of kidney damage were analyzed by logistic regression. A total of 34,588 inhabitants completed the survey. The overall prevalence of CKD was 11.41% (95% confidence interval (CI): 11.07–11.74%) in the elders from Qingdao in 2016. The prevalence of albuminuria and low eGFR (<60 mL/min per 1·73 m²) were 8.47% (95% CI: 8.17–8.76%) and 3.98% (95% CI: 3.78–4.19%), respectively. Older age, hypertension, diabetes, anemia, hyperuricemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, and LDL-C ≥ 4.1 mmol/L were independently associated with the presence of CKD. In conclusion, common chronic non-communicable diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperuricemia, and hypertriglyceridemia, were associated with greater prevalence of CKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Kidney Disease)

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5 pages, 401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of an Ethanol-Based Hand Sanitizer for the Disinfection of Blood Pressure Cuffs

by Lucia Grandiere Perez, Céline Ramanantsoa, Aurélie Beaudron, Cyril Hoche Delchet, Pascale Penn and Pauline Comacle

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(22), 4342; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224342 - 07 Nov 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3119

Abstract

Blood pressure cuffs (BP cuffs) have been implicated in some nosocomial outbreaks. We compared the efficacy of an ethanol-based hand sanitizer (EBHS) with a detergent/disinfectant for the disinfection of BP cuffs. The inner sides of 30 BP cuffs were sampled for bacterial culture. Then, the same area was divided into halves. One half was disinfected by a detergent/disinfectant and the other was disinfected by an EBHS. The bacterial count decreased significantly with both disinfectants (p < 0.0001 compared with before disinfection). The bacterial count decrease seemed greater with the EBHS compared with the detergent/disinfectant, but the difference was not significant. Therefore, within the limits of a single application, the EBHS was an efficacious means of BP cuff disinfection. However, the repeated exposure to emollients contained in EBHS may require further studies before validating these results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Kidney Disease)

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17 pages, 1320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theory Content, Question-Behavior Effects, or Form of Delivery Effects for Intention to Become an Organ Donor? Two Randomized Trials

by Frank Doyle, Karen Morgan, Mary Mathew, Princy Palatty, Prashanti Kamat, Sally Doherty, Jody Quigley, Josh Henderson and Ronan O’Carroll

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(7), 1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071304 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3455

Abstract

Eliciting different attitudes with survey questionnaires may impact on intention to donate organs. Previous research used varying numbers of questionnaire items, or different modes of intervention delivery, when comparing groups. We aimed to determine whether intention to donate organs differed among groups exposed to different theoretical content, but similar questionnaire length, in different countries. We tested the effect of excluding affective attitudinal items on intention to donate, using constant item numbers in two modes of intervention delivery. Study 1: A multi-country, interviewer-led, cross-sectional randomized trial recruited 1007 participants, who completed questionnaires as per group assignment: including all affective attitude items, affective attitude items replaced, negatively-worded affective attitude items replaced. Study 2 recruited a UK-representative, cross-sectional sample of 616 participants using an online methodology, randomly assigned to the same conditions. Multilevel models assessed effects of group membership on outcomes: intention to donate (primary), taking a donor card, following a web-link (secondary). In study 1, intention to donate did not differ among groups. Study 2 found a small, significantly higher intention to donate in the negatively-worded affective attitudes replaced group. Combining data yielded no group differences. No differences were seen for secondary outcomes. Ancillary analyses suggest significant interviewer effects. Contrary to previous research, theoretical content may be less relevant than number or valence of questionnaire items, or form of intervention delivery, for increasing intention to donate organs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Kidney Disease)

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17 pages, 1930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Early Frequent Nephrology Care on Emergency Department Visits among Patients with End-stage Renal Disease

by Yun-Yi Chen, Likwang Chen, Jenq-Wen Huang and Ju-Yeh Yang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(7), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071158 - 31 Mar 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2864

Abstract

In this retrospective cohort study, we examined the association between predialysis nephrology care status and emergency department (ED) events among patients with end-stage renal disease. Data pertaining to 76,702 patients who began dialysis treatment between 1999 and 2010 were obtained from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan (NHIRD). The patients were divided into three groups based on the timing of the first nephrology care visit prior to the initiation of maintenance dialysis, and the frequency of nephrologist visits (i.e., early referral/frequent consultation, early referral/infrequent consultation, late referral). At 1-year post-dialysis initiation, a large number of the patients had experienced at least one all-cause ED visit (58%), infection-related ED visit (17%), or potentially avoidable ED visit (7%). Cox proportional hazard models revealed that patients who received early frequent care faced an 8% lower risk of all-cause ED visit (HR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.90–0.94), a 24% lower risk of infection-related ED visit (HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.73–0.79), and a 24% lower risk of avoidable ED visit (HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.71–0.81), compared with patients in the late referral group. With regard to the patients undergoing early infrequent consultations, the only marginally significant association was for infection-related ED visits. Recurrent event analysis revealed generally consistent results. Overall, these findings indicate that continuous nephrology care from early in the predialysis period could reduce the risk of ED utilization in the first year of dialysis treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Kidney Disease)

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11 pages, 1470 KiB

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The Pre-Dialysis Care Trajectory of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients and the Start of Dialysis in Emergency: A Mixed Method Study Protocol

by Maxime Raffray, Sahar Bayat, Arnaud Campéon, Laëtitia Laude and Cécile Vigneau

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(24), 5010; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245010 - 09 Dec 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3730

Abstract

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is an important public health issue that requires early and close medical monitoring to start Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) in the best conditions. However, in France, about 1/3 of patients start dialysis in emergency, despite the existence of CKD management guidelines. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, we wanted to analyze the pre-dialysis care trajectory of patients with CKD and document the causes of Emergency dialysis Start (ES). To this aim, we designed a convergent mixed-method study. The quantitative component will analyze individual healthcare consumption and clinical data to identify the risk factors of ES by comparing the trajectories of patients who started dialysis in emergency in 2015 in France with those of patients who started in a planned manner and with the national recommendations. The qualitative component will explore the patients’ trajectories and identify barriers to a planned start using semi-structured interviews with patients who started dialysis in emergency and with their general practitioners and nephrologists. Using the strengths of a mixed methodology, this study will bring robust and valuable findings to improve the care of CKD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Kidney Disease)

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