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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Etiopathology, Presentation, Diagnostic Possibilities, and Concurrent...
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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Etiopathology, Presentation, Diagnostic Possibilities, and Concurrent Treatments

A special issue of Healthcare (ISSN 2227-9032).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 11721

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Amira Mohammed Ali

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt
Interests: psychometrics; psychological distress; women; addictive behaviors/internet addiction; aging; menopause; psychopathology; public attitudes, stigma, and psychosocial interventions; alternative, complementary and natural therapies

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating but subtle psychiatric problem. It frequently affects groups vulnerable to different types of abuse (e.g., children, women, and older adults), as well as individuals exposed to severe stressful events, such as the COVID‑19 pandemic, wars, natural and man-made disasters, etc. Individuals’ responses to trauma vary as a function of their resilience and internal coping mechanisms as well as sociodemographic, genetic, and cultural factors. For a substantial proportion of victims, PTSD is rarely reported, detected, or managed.

PTSD patients express stress-response activation and immune dysregulation for up to 20 years following trauma, which increases their vulnerability to physical and mental disorders. In fact, most PTSD patients experience sleep disturbances, anxiety and depressive symptoms, a low quality of life, dysfunctional coping behaviors (e.g., drug addiction), poor social networks and support systems, etc. Despite extensive research, the nature and presentation of PTSD remain unclear. While depressive and anxiety disorders are expressed by a homogenous set of symptoms, PTSD is expressed by a set of heterogenous symptoms, which overlap with other psychiatric comorbidities. Genetic studies suggest that PTSD may represent a unique subtype of depressive disorders. This complexity of PTSD presents us with a challenge that calls for further investigations of its diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities.

This Special Issue welcomes original research, short communications, reviews, and viewpoints, which aim to broaden our understanding of etiopathology, clinical diagnosis, and treatment of PTSD.

Dr. Amira Mohammed Ali
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Healthcare is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder/PTSD, traumatic experiences/events
  • physical, emotional and sexual abuse
  • sexual assault, sexual harassment, rape, intimate partner violence
  • domestic violence and work place violence
  • collective trauma, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) outbreak/pandemic
  • fire fighters, war survivors, and refugees from Palestine, Syria, ex-Yugoslavia, and Ukraine
  • vulnerable groups, high-risk groups, such as children, women, elderly, chronic physical and mental disorders
  • resilience, emotional dys/regulation, coping
  • collectivistic cultures, low level of education, low social capital, economic dependency, self-care dependency
  • natural and man-made disasters, floods, earthquakes, typhoons, hurricanes, road traffic accidents
  • community symptoms and hub symptoms connecting PTSD with other psychiatric comorbidities
  • genetic predisposition and interactions of PTSD with depressive and other anxiety disorders
  • intrusion, withdrawal, hyperarousal, numbing/numbness, negative emotions/psychological distress, sleep disturbance or problems, immune dysfunction/response, stress response
  • diagnostic workup, psychometrics, DSM-V criteria of PTSD, heart-rate variability/bio-feedback/imaging
  • management of PTSD, pharmacotherapy, alternative and complementary therapy

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 539 KiB  
Article
Male Victims of Sexual Abuse: Impact and Resilience Processes, a Qualitative Study
by Léa Poirson, Marion Robin, Gérard Shadili, Josianne Lamothe, Emmanuelle Corruble, Florence Gressier and Aziz Essadek
Healthcare 2023, 11(13), 1868; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11131868 - 27 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3283
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of sexual abuse calls for exceptional awareness of its multidimensional impact on the mental, sexual, and social wellbeing of male adults. This study aims to deepen the overall understanding of sexual abuse consequences; to highlight some common resilience factors; and [...] Read more.
The increasing prevalence of sexual abuse calls for exceptional awareness of its multidimensional impact on the mental, sexual, and social wellbeing of male adults. This study aims to deepen the overall understanding of sexual abuse consequences; to highlight some common resilience factors; and to strengthen therapeutic and social support. In this qualitative research, we conducted seven semi-structured interviews with male victims of sexual violence. The data were analysed with the interpretative phenomenological analysis. They shed light on the great suffering linked to sexual violence, and on seven themes which are seemingly pillars of resilience: bond to others, bond to the body, making sense of things, expression, rediscovering oneself, institutions, and finally, learning and commitment. The exploration of these themes reveals several avenues for adjusting care, most of which imply the importance of raising awareness so that spaces receiving the victims’ word can emerge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Etiopathology, Presentation, Diagnostic Possibilities, and Concurrent Treatments)
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13 pages, 707 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Event Scale-Revised: Examining Its Cutoff Scores among Arab Psychiatric Patients and Healthy Adults within the Context of COVID-19 as a Collective Traumatic Event
by Amira Mohammed Ali, Saeed A. Al-Dossary, Abdulaziz Mofdy Almarwani, Maha Atout, Rasmieh Al-Amer and Abdulmajeed A. Alkhamees
Healthcare 2023, 11(6), 892; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060892 - 20 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2106
Abstract
The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) is the most popular measure of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It has been recently validated in Arabic. This instrumental study aimed to determine optimal cutoff scores of the IES-R and its determined six subscales in Arab samples [...] Read more.
The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) is the most popular measure of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It has been recently validated in Arabic. This instrumental study aimed to determine optimal cutoff scores of the IES-R and its determined six subscales in Arab samples of psychiatric patients (N = 168, 70.8% females) and healthy adults (N = 992, 62.7% females) from Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic as a probable ongoing collective traumatic event. Based on a cutoff score of 14 of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 8-items (DASS-8), receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis revealed two optimal points of 39.5 and 30.5 for the IES-R in the samples (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.86 & 0.91, p values = 0.001, 95% CI: 0.80–0.92 & 0.87–0.94, sensitivity = 0.85 & 0.87, specificity = 0.73 & 0.83, Youden index = 0.58 & 0.70, respectively). Different cutoffs were detected for the six subscales of the IES-R, with numbing and avoidance expressing the lowest predictivity for distress. Meanwhile, hyperarousal followed by pandemic-related irritability expressed a stronger predictive capacity for distress than all subscales in both samples. In path analysis, pandemic-related irritability/dysphoric mood evolved as a direct and indirect effect of key PTSD symptoms (intrusion, hyperarousal, and numbing). The irritability dimension of the IES-R directly predicted the traumatic symptoms of sleep disturbance in both samples while sleep disturbance did not predict irritability. The findings suggest the usefulness of the IES-R at a score of 30.5 for detecting adults prone to trauma related distress, with higher scores needed for screening in psychiatric patients. Various PTSD symptoms may induce dysphoric mood, which represents a considerable burden that may induce circadian misalignment and more noxious psychiatric problems/co-morbidities (e.g., sleep disturbance) in both healthy and diseased groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Etiopathology, Presentation, Diagnostic Possibilities, and Concurrent Treatments)
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20 pages, 1688 KiB  
Article
Rasch Modeling and Multilevel Confirmatory Factor Analysis for the Usability of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) during the COVID-19 Pandemic
by Musheer A. Aljaberi, Kuo-Hsin Lee, Naser A. Alareqe, Mousa A. Qasem, Abdulsamad Alsalahi, Atiyeh M. Abdallah, Sarah Noman, Ala’a B. Al-Tammemi, Mohamed Izham Mohamed Ibrahim and Chung-Ying Lin
Healthcare 2022, 10(10), 1858; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101858 - 24 Sep 2022
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3996
Abstract
Background: Several instruments are currently used to assess Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) -induced psychological distress, including the 22-item Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). The IES-R is a self-administered scale used to assess post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study aimed to examine the [...] Read more.
Background: Several instruments are currently used to assess Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) -induced psychological distress, including the 22-item Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). The IES-R is a self-administered scale used to assess post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study aimed to examine the construct validity of the IES-R, based on the Rasch model, with COVID-19-related data, as well as to test the multilevel construct validity of the IES-R within and among countries during the pandemic crisis. Methods: A multi-country web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted utilizing the 22-item IES-R. A total of 1020 participants enrolled in our survey, of whom 999 were included in the analyses. Data were analyzed using Rasch modeling and multilevel confirmatory factor analysis (MCFA). Results: The Rasch modeling results of the IES-R demonstrated that the IES-R is a satisfactory instrument with the five-point Likert scale, asserting that its 22 items are significant contributors to assessing PTSD as a unidimensional construct covered by the items of the IES-R. The MCFA confirmed that the 22-item IES-R, with its three factors, including intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal, demonstrates adequate construct validity at the within- and among-country levels. However, the results of the Akaike information criterion (AIC) model determined that the 16-item IES-R is better than the 22-item IES-R. Conclusion: The results suggested that the 22-item IES-R is a reliable screening instrument for measuring PTSD related to the COVID-19 pandemic, and can be utilized to provide timely psychological health support, when needed, based on the screening results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Etiopathology, Presentation, Diagnostic Possibilities, and Concurrent Treatments)
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14 pages, 299 KiB  
Article
Revealing Personality Triggers for Media Vicarious Traumatization: A Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis
by Xin Huang, Yibin Shi and Guannan Gao
Healthcare 2022, 10(10), 1850; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101850 - 23 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1544
Abstract
People may experience media vicarious traumatization due to frequent exposure to media coverage of disasters. Currently, the influential relationship between personality traits and media vicarious traumatization still lacks systematic and in-depth research. Based on the MU5735 airplane crash, this study explored the effects [...] Read more.
People may experience media vicarious traumatization due to frequent exposure to media coverage of disasters. Currently, the influential relationship between personality traits and media vicarious traumatization still lacks systematic and in-depth research. Based on the MU5735 airplane crash, this study explored the effects of configurations of personality traits on media vicarious traumatization by analyzing data from 331 Chinese university students (Mage = 22.63 years, SD = 2.67, range = 18 to 29, n = 186 male and n = 145 female) using Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). The results revealed that five combinations of the Big Five personality traits could lead to media vicarious traumatization, the combinations of configurations are: (1) high conscientiousness, high agreeableness, and high neuroticism; (2) high conscientiousness, high extraversion, and high agreeableness; (3) high extraversion, high neuroticism, low conscientiousness, and low agreeableness; (4) high openness, high extraversion, high agreeableness, and high neuroticism; (5) high extraversion, high agreeableness, low openness, and low neuroticism. Furthermore, sociodemographic variables (gender, age, and education) interacted with personality traits and also resulted in different configurations of media vicarious traumatization. This study indicates the asymmetric relationships between personality traits and media vicarious traumatization, identifies the vulnerable groups to facilitate targeted trauma interventions for university students according to different configurations, and provides a reference for public psychological relief efforts in emergencies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Etiopathology, Presentation, Diagnostic Possibilities, and Concurrent Treatments)
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