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Forests
Special Issues
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood- and Bamboo-Based Materials
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Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood- and Bamboo-Based Materials

A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907). This special issue belongs to the section "Wood Science and Forest Products".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 July 2024 | Viewed by 2349

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Xuehua Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
Interests: physical and mechanical properties; forming processing; modification and application
Prof. Dr. Yan Wu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
Interests: green manufacturing of home materials; water-based wood coatings and green coating; new wooden home materials

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wood and bamboo represent significant biomass materials with an extensive historical legacy of application in human civilization. Products derived from wood and bamboo find widespread utility across sectors, including construction, home furnishings, transportation and other realms, intimately intertwined with human production and daily existence. The specific performance requisites of wood- and bamboo-based materials are contingent upon their designated applications. These materials offer a series of merits, encompassing environmental sustainability, a remarkable strength-to-weight ratio, commendable seismic resilience, aesthetic appeal and facilitative processing characteristics, etc. Simultaneously, inherent to the nature of biomass materials, wood- and bamboo-based materials are not devoid of drawbacks, including variable dimensional stability, limited fire resistance and susceptibility to degradation.

Acknowledging the distinctive attributes of wood and bamboo, alongside the distinctive usage demands imposed by diverse contexts, various techniques, such as lamination gluing, reagent impregnation and softening treatments, have been employed for enhancement. These treatments are employed to achieve heightened dimensional stability, augmented strength, superior molding capabilities and enhanced processing performance, thereby broadening the spectrum of potential applications and prolonging their functional lifespan. In doing so, these endeavors leverage the carbon sequestration potential of wood and bamboo, contributing to the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.

This Special Issue is poised to provide an avenue for scholars and stakeholders to remain at the vanguard of advancements in the field of the physical and mechanical properties of wood and bamboo. Those with an interest in the physical and mechanical attributes of wood and bamboo are cordially invited to collaborate and disseminate their latest accomplishments in this domain.

Dr. Xuehua Wang
Prof. Dr. Yan Wu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Forests is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wood- and bamboo-based materials
  • physical and mechanical properties
  • modification and application
  • microstructure

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 1732 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Wet and Dry Cycles on the Strength and the Surface Characteristics of Coromandel Lacquer Coatings
by Wenjia Liu, Ling Zhu, Varodi Anca Maria, Xinyou Liu and Jiufang Lv
Forests 2024, 15(5), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15050770 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024
Viewed by 165
Abstract
Research on the degradation mechanism of coating materials is crucial for the preservation of cultural heritage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of Coromandel coatings on wooden substrates by analyzing their dimensions, weight, adhesion strength, hydrophobicity, and glossiness. [...] Read more.
Research on the degradation mechanism of coating materials is crucial for the preservation of cultural heritage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of Coromandel coatings on wooden substrates by analyzing their dimensions, weight, adhesion strength, hydrophobicity, and glossiness. The results indicate that after five cycles, the radial moisture expansion rate of the wood specimen is 0.332%, while that of the lacquer specimen is 0.079%, representing 23.8% of the radial moisture expansion rate of untreated wood specimens. This performance is superior to that of the ash and pigment specimens. Across different experimental conditions, the change in the mass of the Coromandel specimens aligns with the trend in their dimensional changes, indicating that moisture absorption and desorption are the primary reasons for dimensional changes. The influence of temperature on mass and dimensional stability is significant only in terms of dry shrinkage rate. After wet and dry cycles at 40 °C, the adhesion strength of the Coromandel specimens decreases the most, with the ash specimens decreasing by 7.2%, the lacquer specimens by 3.2%, and the pigment specimens by 4.5%. Following wet and dry cycles at three different temperatures, the contact angle of the lacquer layers changes by less than 5%, with their contact angle values exceeding 120°. These data indicate that among the Coromandel coatings, the lacquer layer provides the best protection for the wooden substrate, while the ash coating is the most fragile. The degradation rate of the Coromandel specimens increases with rising temperatures. These findings emphasize the critical roles of humidity and temperature in protecting wooden coatings and aim to provide theoretical insights and practical significance for the preservation of wooden artifacts and the assessment of coating performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood- and Bamboo-Based Materials)
17 pages, 5617 KiB  
Article
A Novel Bamboo–Wood Composite Utilizing High-Utilization, Easy-to-Manufacture Bamboo Units: Optimization of Mechanical Properties and Bonding Performance
by Yifan Ma, Yu Luan, Lin Chen, Bin Huang, Xun Luo, Hu Miao and Changhua Fang
Forests 2024, 15(4), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15040716 - 18 Apr 2024
Viewed by 342
Abstract
Bamboo–wood composites have found extensive applications in the container flooring, furniture, and construction industries. However, commonly utilized bamboo units such as four-side-planed rectangular bamboo strips and bamboo scrimber suffer from either low utilization rates or high adhesive content. The recently developed bamboo-flattening technology, [...] Read more.
Bamboo–wood composites have found extensive applications in the container flooring, furniture, and construction industries. However, commonly utilized bamboo units such as four-side-planed rectangular bamboo strips and bamboo scrimber suffer from either low utilization rates or high adhesive content. The recently developed bamboo-flattening technology, which employs softening methods with saturated high-pressure steam, may improve the utilization rate and reduce the adhesive content, but its complex processes and high cost restrict its widespread application. This study introduces a novel bamboo–wood composite utilizing high-utilization, easy-to-manufacture bamboo units processed through a straightforward flattening-and-grooving method. However, the stress concentration introduced by the grooving treatment may affect the mechanical properties and stability of the bamboo–wood composites. In order to optimize the mechanical properties and bonding performance, response surface methodology based on a central composite rotatable design was used to map the effects of hot-pressing parameters (time, temperature, and pressure) on the mechanical properties. The bamboo-woodbamboo–wood composites prepared with optimized conditions of 1.18 min/mm pressing time, 1.47 MPa pressure, and a 150 °C temperature had a 121.51 MPa modulus of rupture and an 11.85 GPa modulus of elasticity, which exhibited an error of only ~5% between the experimental and model predictions. Finite element analysis revealed that, in comparison to homogeneous flat bamboo composites, grooved bamboo composites exhibited distinct tensile ductility and toughness due to discontinuous stress fields and alternating rigid–soft layers, which alter the stress transmission and energy dissipation mechanisms. Additionally, grooving treatment not only effectively improved the surface wettability of the bamboo plants, thus enhancing the permeability of the adhesive, but also facilitated adhesive penetration into parenchymal cells and fibers. This led to the formation of a more robust glue–nail structure and chemical bonding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood- and Bamboo-Based Materials)
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15 pages, 4872 KiB  
Article
Effect of High-Intensity Microwave Treatment on Structural and Chemical Characteristics of Chinese Fir
by Xiaomei Liao, Xuan Fang, Xin Gao, Songlin Yi and Yongdong Zhou
Forests 2024, 15(3), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15030516 - 11 Mar 2024
Viewed by 859
Abstract
High-intensity microwave (HIMW) treatment is a time-saving and environmentally friendly method widely applied in the wood processing industry. It enhances wood permeability, making it suitable for drying and impregnation modification. This study aimed to investigate the effects of HIMW on macroscopic and microscopic [...] Read more.
High-intensity microwave (HIMW) treatment is a time-saving and environmentally friendly method widely applied in the wood processing industry. It enhances wood permeability, making it suitable for drying and impregnation modification. This study aimed to investigate the effects of HIMW on macroscopic and microscopic cracks, tracheid cell wall damage, and the chemical structure of Chinese fir [Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook] wood. Through the use of a camera, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, the morphology of cracks, cell wall damage, the chemical composition of the cell wall, and the crystalline structure of cellulose treated with HIMW were examined and analyzed. The results revealed that the initial moisture content (MC) and microwave energy density (MWED) significantly influenced the crack characteristics and cell wall structure and slightly influenced the chemical composition and crystalline structure of cellulose of the Chinese fir cell wall. HIMW treatment can produce different characteristics of wood cracks. The size and number of cracks were significantly increased with the increase in MWED, and more cracks were found in low MC. Microcracks caused by HIMW treatment tended to initiate at the ray parenchyma, resulting in the stripping of ray cells along its radial direction. Meanwhile, the cracking of adjacent cell junctions, the rupturing of the pit margo and pit torus, and cell wall parts tearing along the direction of microfibers occurred as a result of the HIMW treatment. The most severe damage to the cell walls occurred at the interface of S1/S2, S1, and ML layers, and the cell walls were torn in the S2 layer. There were no significant changes in the FTIR spectra of the HIMW treatment samples. Hemicellulose degradation occurred first, which increased with the increase in MWED. The recrystallization of cellulose and the lignin content increased because of the change in the aromatic C=O groups. As MWED increased, both the crystallinity index (CI) and cellulose crystal width (D200) of the samples that underwent HIMW treatment increased accordingly, and the number of low-MC samples was greater than that of the high-MC samples. The findings contribute to understanding the crack characteristics and damage mechanism induced by HIMW treatment on wood. This study provides valuable insights into regulating the effects of HIMW treatment and expanding its application in wood processing, such as wood drying and functionalized impregnation, according to the specific end-use requirements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood- and Bamboo-Based Materials)
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14 pages, 4697 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Treatment Methods on Bending Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Strips
by Shiyu Cao, Jiagui Ji, Haowei Yin and Xuehua Wang
Forests 2024, 15(3), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15030406 - 21 Feb 2024
Viewed by 608
Abstract
This study aimed to obtain a comprehensive understanding on bamboo as a curve-member manufacturing material by comparative analysis of how different treatment methods on bending properties improve the effect on bamboo strips. In order to achieve this purpose, bamboo strips were subjected to [...] Read more.
This study aimed to obtain a comprehensive understanding on bamboo as a curve-member manufacturing material by comparative analysis of how different treatment methods on bending properties improve the effect on bamboo strips. In order to achieve this purpose, bamboo strips were subjected to water boiling, 15% NaOH, and 25% NH3 impregnation; the impact of physical, mechanical and chemical properties were explored. The results revealed that: (1) Water boiling significantly affected crystallinity, cellulose, and lignin content, with a treatment duration of 10 h showing the most favorable results for flexibility and plasticity, greatly improving bending performance. (2) An amount of 15% NaOH treatment significantly increased bending MOE and plastic displacement by 73% and 122.7%. However, it led to a noticeable decrease in bending strength (MOR). A treatment above 8 h could cause irreversible damage to bamboo strips. (3) The improvement of 25% NH3 on bamboo bending ability was lower than water boiling. The effects of chemical composition were obvious in the initial five days and changed little after five days. Generally, water boiling for over 10 h is suitable for applications with significant bending requirements. While for maintaining bamboo color, original strength, and bending performance, 25% NH3 for five days was recommended, and 15% NaOH was not advised for improving bamboo bending performance and its applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood- and Bamboo-Based Materials)
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