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Entropy
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Progress and Research Challenges to Catalyze B5G and 6G
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Progress and Research Challenges to Catalyze B5G and 6G

A special issue of Entropy (ISSN 1099-4300). This special issue belongs to the section "Information Theory, Probability and Statistics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 October 2024 | Viewed by 6442

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Javier Rubio-Loyola

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav), Campus Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87086, Mexico City, Mexico
Interests: network functions virtualization; software-defined networks; network management; applied AI
Dr. Ramón Agüero

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Communications Engineering, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
Interests: network coding; WLAN and WPAN technologies; TCP/IP performance analysis over wireless networks; multi-hop and ad hoc network techniques and protocols; wireless sensor networks
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. César Augusto Azurdia Meza

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370451, Chile
Interests: next-generation digital communication systems; 5G and beyond enabling technologies; signal processing techniques for communication systems; next-generation optical communication systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sixth-generation wireless communications have been envisioned to continue the trajectory of 5G and Beyond 5G (B5G) towards high-throughput (Tbps) and low-latency (below 1 ms) reliable communications for highly demanding applications, such as holographic communication and telepresence, multi-sensory applications, high-precision manufacturing, brain–computer interactions, etc. The B5G and 6G networks will be immersed in cloud, edge and fog computing environments orchestrated through complex control paradigms, where emerging services such as the Internet of everything will allow the interaction of billions of smart devices. The ever-growing complexity of B5G and 6G network environments will be managed by powerful artificial intelligence (AI)-based management paradigms across all different segments of the network, as well as the computational and storage components. B5G and 6G applications and services will renew the undelayable challenge for a new IP architecture where, among other important issues, very large volumes of data injected into all segments of the network will require in-network congestion and flow control functions driven by relevance, entropy, or semantic directions. The 6G networks will be self-driving and self-optimizing, based on precision telemetry and data analytics for all the network and computing segments. Contributions addressing any of these issues are very welcome.

This Special Issue aims to be a forum for the presentation of research contributions to catalyze B5G and 6G technologies. In particular, we encourage contributions to address the complexity of network softwarization and service provision, distributed orchestration, new IP paradigms for B5G and 6G, advanced AI/ML to enable self-driving and self-optimization, software-defined anything (SDx) and network functions virtualization, network slicing, RAN decomposition, fixed-mobile network convergence, network and computing data analytics.

Dr. Javier Rubio-Loyola
Dr. Ramón Agüero
Dr. César Augusto Azurdia Meza
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Entropy is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • B5G and 6G
  • software-defined networks
  • artificial intelligence
  • machine learning
  • slicing
  • network function virtualization
  • service orchestration
  • edge/cloud/fog computing

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 1560 KiB  
Article
Joint User Association and Deployment Optimization for Energy-Efficient Heterogeneous UAV-Enabled MEC Networks
by Zihao Han, Ting Zhou, Tianheng Xu and Honglin Hu
Entropy 2023, 25(9), 1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25091304 - 07 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 826
Abstract
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) providing additional on-demand communication and computing services have become a promising technology. However, the limited energy supply of UAVs, which constrains their service duration, has emerged as an obstacle in UAV-enabled networks. In this context, a novel task offloading [...] Read more.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) providing additional on-demand communication and computing services have become a promising technology. However, the limited energy supply of UAVs, which constrains their service duration, has emerged as an obstacle in UAV-enabled networks. In this context, a novel task offloading framework is proposed in UAV-enabled mobile edge computing (MEC) networks. Specifically, heterogeneous UAVs with different communication and computing capabilities are considered and the energy consumption of UAVs is minimized via jointly optimizing user association and UAV deployment. The optimal transport theory is introduced to analyze the user association sub-problem, and the UAV deployment for each sub-region is determined by a dragonfly algorithm (DA). Simulation results show that the energy consumption performance is significantly improved by the proposed algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Research Challenges to Catalyze B5G and 6G)
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13 pages, 3159 KiB  
Article
A Multi-Path MAC Scheduling Scheme for Multi-Channel Wireless Sensor Networks
by Fan Zhang and Gangqiang Yang
Entropy 2023, 25(8), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25081197 - 11 Aug 2023
Viewed by 670
Abstract
Designing reasonable MAC scheduling strategies is an important means to ensure transmission quality in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). When there exist multiple available routes from the source to the destination, it is necessary to combine a data traffic allocation mechanism and design a [...] Read more.
Designing reasonable MAC scheduling strategies is an important means to ensure transmission quality in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). When there exist multiple available routes from the source to the destination, it is necessary to combine a data traffic allocation mechanism and design a multi-path MAC scheduling scheme in order to ensure QoS. This paper develops a multi-path resource allocation method for multi-channel wireless sensor networks, which uses random-access technology to complete MAC scheduling and selects the transmission path for each packet according to the probability. Through theoretical analysis and simulation experiments, it can be found that the proposed strategy can provide a reliable throughput capacity region. Meanwhile, due to the use of random-access technology, the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm can be independent of the number of links and channels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Research Challenges to Catalyze B5G and 6G)
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13 pages, 5399 KiB  
Article
A Novel Dual-Polarized Magnetoelectric Dipole Antenna and Its Array for LTE and 5G Sub-6 GHz Base Station Applications
by Zhiwei Song and Junwu Qi
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020274 - 02 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1766
Abstract
This study presents a novel dual-polarized magnetoelectric dipole antenna and its array with director and rectangular parasitic metal patches for LTE and 5G sub-6 GHz base station applications. This antenna is composed of L-shaped magnetic dipoles, planar electric dipoles, rectangular director, rectangular parasitic [...] Read more.
This study presents a novel dual-polarized magnetoelectric dipole antenna and its array with director and rectangular parasitic metal patches for LTE and 5G sub-6 GHz base station applications. This antenna is composed of L-shaped magnetic dipoles, planar electric dipoles, rectangular director, rectangular parasitic metal patches, and η-shaped feed probes. The gain and bandwidth were enhanced by using the director and parasitic metal patches. The measured impedance bandwidth of the antenna was 82.8% (1.62–3.91 GHz, VSWR < 1.5), and its gain was 10 ± 0.5 dBi. The profile of the antenna unit, operated at 1.7 GHz, was only 42 mm (0.227λ0, where λ0 represents the free space wavelength corresponding to the lowest resonance frequency point). Subsequently, four antenna units were arranged in a line array with 0.6λ0 spacing. Both the antenna and its array were fabricated and measured. The measurement results show that the array has good radiation characteristics, such as broad bandwidth covering 1.65–3.97 GHz (VSWR < 1.5), high gain (its gain was great than 15.2 dBi), and high radiation efficiency (>90%). Its HPBWs were 63° ± 4° and 15° ± 2° for H- and E-planes, respectively. The design can cover TD-LTE and 5G sub-6 GHz NR n78 frequency bands very well, meaning that this is a good candidate antenna for base station applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Research Challenges to Catalyze B5G and 6G)
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18 pages, 2145 KiB  
Article
A Novel and Adaptive Angle Diversity-Based Receiver for 6G Underground Mining VLC Systems
by Pablo Palacios Játiva, Iván Sánchez, Ismael Soto, Cesar A. Azurdia-Meza, David Zabala-Blanco, Muhammad Ijaz, Ali Dehghan Firoozabadi and David Plets
Entropy 2022, 24(11), 1507; https://doi.org/10.3390/e24111507 - 22 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1745
Abstract
Visible light communication (VLC) is considered an enabling technology for future 6G wireless systems. Among the many applications in which VLC systems are used, one of them is harsh environments such as Underground Mining (UM) tunnels. However, these environments are subject to degrading [...] Read more.
Visible light communication (VLC) is considered an enabling technology for future 6G wireless systems. Among the many applications in which VLC systems are used, one of them is harsh environments such as Underground Mining (UM) tunnels. However, these environments are subject to degrading environmental and intrinsic challenges for optical links. Therefore, current research should focus on solutions to mitigate these problems and improve the performance of Underground Mining Visible Light Communication (UM-VLC) systems. In this context, this article presents a novel solution that involves an improvement to the Angle Diversity Receivers (ADRs) based on the adaptive orientation of the Photo-Diodes (PDs) in terms of the Received Signal Strength Ratio (RSSR) scheme. Specifically, this methodology is implemented in a hemidodecahedral ADR and evaluated in a simulated UM-VLC scenario. The performance of the proposed design is evaluated using metrics such as received power, user data rate, and bit error rate (BER). Furthermore, our approach is compared with state-of-the-art ADRs implemented with fixed PDs and with the Time of Arrival (ToA) reception method. An improvement of at least 60% in terms of the analyzed metrics compared to state-of-the-art solutions is obtained. Therefore, the numerical results demonstrate that the hemidodecahedral ADR, with adaptive orientation PDs, enhances the received optical signal. Furthermore, the proposed scheme improves the performance of the UM-VLC system due to its optimum adaptive angular positioning, which is completed according to the strongest optical received signal power. By improving the performance of the UM-VLC system, this novel method contributes to further consideration of VLC systems as potential and enabling technologies for future 6G deployments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Research Challenges to Catalyze B5G and 6G)
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