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Energies
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Research in Combustion and Fire Behavior of Solid Materials
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Research in Combustion and Fire Behavior of Solid Materials

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "I2: Energy and Combustion Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 January 2024) | Viewed by 5810

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yan Ding

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
Interests: material flammability; pyrolysis mechanism; flame spread
Dr. Junhui Gong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Technology University, Nanjing 210037, China
Interests: material flammability; ignition mechanism; pyrolysis modeling
Dr. Zhengyang Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
Interests: fire dynamics; laminar diffusion flame; material flammability
Dr. Qi Sun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
Interests: fire dynamics; flame structure and spread; material flammability
Dr. Lin Jiang

grade E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Interests: flame spread over solid combustible surface; pyrolysis and its kinetics of chemical hazardous materials; thermal ablation prediction of charring materials; combustion and simulation of propellant
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The inherent flammability of combustible solids (e.g., polymeric and composite materials, fossil fuels, solid derivatives, and biomass-based products), which have been widely used in construction, transportation, and household products, poses great concerns to the fire protection community. The combustion of solid materials is a complex coupling of solid-phase pyrolysis and gas-phase combustion. An in-depth understanding of the fundamental chemical and physical processes that control combustion and fire growth considerably contributes to a reduction in both the frequency and severity of fire events.

This Special Issue aims to present and disseminate the most advances related to the theoretical, experimental, and modeling work of combustion and fire behavior of solid materials. In this Special Issue, both original research articles and reviews are welcome. Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

  • Pyrolysis and smoldering mechanisms;
  • Fire modeling including CFD and zone modeling;
  • Microgravity combustion;
  • Application of data assimilation to fire and combustion;
  • Soot formation and oxidation;
  • Flame structure and spread;
  • Lithium ion battery safety;
  • Structural fire safety of buildings;
  • Research techniques that combine experiments and numerical modeling.

Dr. Yan Ding
Dr. Junhui Gong
Dr. Zhengyang Wang
Dr. Qi Sun
Prof. Dr. Lin Jiang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • material flammability
  • pyrolysis and modeling
  • flame structure
  • smoldering
  • ignition
  • fire modeling
  • reaction kinetics and thermodynamics
  • gas-phase combustion
  • soot formation and oxidation
  • flame spread

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 4787 KiB  
Article
Application of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm in Determining Thermodynamics of Solid Combustibles
by Haoyu Pan and Junhui Gong
Energies 2023, 16(14), 5302; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145302 - 11 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1086
Abstract
The thermodynamics of a solid are crucial in predicting thermal responses and fire behaviors, and they are commonly determined by inverse modeling and optimization algorithms at constant heat flux. However, in practical scenarios, the imposed heat flux frequently varies with time, and related [...] Read more.
The thermodynamics of a solid are crucial in predicting thermal responses and fire behaviors, and they are commonly determined by inverse modeling and optimization algorithms at constant heat flux. However, in practical scenarios, the imposed heat flux frequently varies with time, and related thermodynamics determination methods are rarely reported. In this study, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and a 1D numerical model were utilized to determine temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and specific heat of beech wood and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Surface, 3 and 6 mm in-depth temperatures were measured in three sets of ignition tests where constant and time-dependent heat fluxes (HFs) were applied. In each set, PSO was implemented at individual HFs, and the average value was deemed as the final outcome. Reliability of the optimized thermodynamics was verified by comparing with the reported values in the literature and predicting the experimental measurements that were not employed during parameterization. The results showed that wood thermodynamics attained under constant and time-dependent HFs in agreement with previously reported ones. Similar optimization procedures were conducted for PMMA, and good agreement with literature values was found. Using the obtained thermodynamics of wood under constant HF, the numerical model successfully captured the surface temperature at time-dependent HFs. Meanwhile, comparisons using wood temperatures at constant HFs and PMMA temperatures at linear HFs also verified the feasibility of PSO. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Combustion and Fire Behavior of Solid Materials)
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23 pages, 14672 KiB  
Article
Effects of Quantity and Arrangement of a Flame-Retardant Cable on Burning Characteristics in Open and Compartment Environments
by Hong-Seok Yun and Cheol-Hong Hwang
Energies 2023, 16(2), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020845 - 11 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1167
Abstract
The results of cable burning experiments conducted in a well-controlled or open environment may differ from fire phenomena in an actual installation environment of cables where the effects of ventilation conditions and thermal feedback exist. In order to prevent the misunderstanding of fire [...] Read more.
The results of cable burning experiments conducted in a well-controlled or open environment may differ from fire phenomena in an actual installation environment of cables where the effects of ventilation conditions and thermal feedback exist. In order to prevent the misunderstanding of fire phenomena due to these differences, the changes in burning characteristics in open and compartment environments were investigated for a flame-retardant (TFR-8) cable and general PVC (VCTF) cable arranged on three-layer trays. As a result, it was confirmed that the fire scale, fire spread area, and cable damage varied greatly depending on the cable arrangement under the same cable quantity condition. Furthermore, the maximum heat release rate (HRR) and fire growth rate of TFR-8 in the compartment environment increased more than 3-times compared to the open environment, and showed a similar level of fire risk to VCTF even though it is a flame-retardant cable. Additional experiments using vertical and horizontal openings of various shapes were conducted to evaluate the individual contributions of thermal feedbacks from the wall and smoke layer to the changes in burning characteristics within the compartment. The results of this study can be used as basic data to reduce fire damage while providing an essential understanding of cable fire phenomena. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Combustion and Fire Behavior of Solid Materials)
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16 pages, 2348 KiB  
Article
Measurement of the Kinetics and Thermodynamics of the Thermal Degradation for a Flame Retardant Polyurethane-Based Aerogel
by Xinyang Wang, Yan Ding, Zhanwen Chen, Chuyan Tang, Xingyu Ren, Hongyun Hu and Qingyan Fang
Energies 2022, 15(19), 6982; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15196982 - 23 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1111
Abstract
The current work aims to study the thermal degradation of the flame retardant polyurethane aerogel (FR_PU_aerogel) through multiple milligram-scale experimental methods. A systemic methodology for measuring the reaction kinetics and thermodynamics of the thermal degradation of FR_PU_aerogel is detailed. Specifically, the thermogravimetric analysis [...] Read more.
The current work aims to study the thermal degradation of the flame retardant polyurethane aerogel (FR_PU_aerogel) through multiple milligram-scale experimental methods. A systemic methodology for measuring the reaction kinetics and thermodynamics of the thermal degradation of FR_PU_aerogel is detailed. Specifically, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed simultaneously in inert atmosphere to measure the mass loss and heat flow data, and a numerical framework called ThermaKin2Ds was used to inversely model these experimental data. First, a reaction mechanism with six first-order consecutive reactions was developed based on the inverse analysis of the TGA data. The corresponding reaction kinetics were optimized using the hill climbing optimization algorithm. Subsequently, the heat capacities of each condensed phase component and the heat of the reactions were obtained through inversely modeling the heat flow data. Furthermore, the heat of the complete combustion of each gaseous component were derived based on the heat release rates measured in the milligram-scale combustion calorimeter (MCC) experiments. It is noted that the developed reaction mechanism was further validated against the mass loss data obtained at different heating rates. The parameters determined in this work serve as a core subset of inputs for the pyrolysis model development, which is essential for the quantitative understanding of the ignition and the combustion behavior of solid materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Combustion and Fire Behavior of Solid Materials)
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Other

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16 pages, 8223 KiB  
Case Report
Analysis of a Costly Fiberglass-Polyester Air Filter Fire
by Torgrim Log and Amalie Gunnarshaug
Energies 2022, 15(20), 7719; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207719 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1816
Abstract
In September 2020, a fire at a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in the Arctic areas of Norway received national attention. In an unengaged air intake, the heat exchanger designed to prevent ice damage during production mode, was supplied hot oil at 260 [...] Read more.
In September 2020, a fire at a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in the Arctic areas of Norway received national attention. In an unengaged air intake, the heat exchanger designed to prevent ice damage during production mode, was supplied hot oil at 260 °C. In sunny weather, calm conditions, and 14 °C ambient temperature, overheating of the unengaged air intake filters (85% glass fiber and 15% polyester) was identified as a possible cause of ignition. Laboratory heating tests showed that the filter materials could, due to the rigid glass fibers carrying the polymers, glow like smoldering materials. Thus, self-heating as observed for cellulose-based materials was a possible ignition mechanism. Small-scale testing (10 cm × 10 cm and 8 cm stacked height) revealed that used filters with collected biomass, i.e., mainly pterygota, tended to self-heat at 20 °C lower temperatures than virgin filters. Used filter cassettes (60 cm by 60 cm and 50 cm bag depth) caused significant self-heating at 150 °C. At 160 °C, the self-heating took several hours before increased smoke production and sudden transition to flaming combustion. Since the engaged heat exchanger on a calm sunny day of ambient temperature 14 °C would result in temperatures in excess of 160 °C in an unengaged air intake, self-heating and transition to flaming combustion was identified as the most likely cause of the fire. Flames from the burning polymer filters resulted in heat exchanger collapse and subsequent hot oil release, significantly increasing the intensity and duration of the fire. Due to firewater damages, the plant was out of operation for more than 1.5 years. Better sharing of lessons learned may help prevent similar incidents in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Combustion and Fire Behavior of Solid Materials)
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