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Current Oncology
Special Issues
Updates on Skin Cancer Prevention, Early Diagnosis and Treatment
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Updates on Skin Cancer Prevention, Early Diagnosis and Treatment

A special issue of Current Oncology (ISSN 1718-7729). This special issue belongs to the section "Dermato-Oncology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2023) | Viewed by 17164

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Simone Harrison

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Guest Editor
1. Principal Research Fellow, Skin Cancer Research Unit, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
2. Adjunct Associate Professor, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
Interests: skin cancer; cutaneous melanoma; basal cell carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma; keratinocyte cancer; epithelial skin cancer; sun exposure; sun protection; sun-protective clothing; ultraviolet protection factor (UPF); sunscreen; sun protection factor (SPF); melanocytic naevi/nevi; acquired common naevi/nevi; pigmented moles; sunburn; UV dose; health effects of UVR; epidemiology; aetiology; school-based interventions; early childhood settings; randomised-controlled-trials; children’s health; dermatology; skin; actinic keratoses; solar lentigines; atypical nevi; freckles; vitamin D sufficiency; precision of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D assays; behavioural interventions; UV index; sun-safety awareness; artificial intelligence; modifiable risk-factors; carcinogenesis; UV dosimetry; population health; cancer control and prevention; observational studies
Dr. Karlijn Thoonen

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Guest Editor
1. Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Centre for Behaviour Change, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
2. Adjunct Research Associate, Skin Cancer Research Unit, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Interests: skin cancer; primary skin cancer prevention; UVR exposure; sun safety behaviours; UV-protective clothing; health technology; early detection; self-assessment; sunburn; epidemiology; aetiology; health promotion; health psychology; educational interventions; environmental interventions; school-based interventions; observational studies; early childhood settings; intervention studies; parenting; role modelling; randomised-controlled trials; children's health; cancer control; health effects of UVR; dermatology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The incidence of skin cancer continues to rise globally. Estimates suggest that this important public health problem, which has already reached epidemic proportions in Australia, New Zealand, the U.S.A., and some European countries, will continue to increase steadily in moderately to highly sun-exposed, sun-sensitive populations, leading to further increases on a global scale.

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has long been recognized as a carcinogen. It poses a particular problem for people of European descent living at high latitudes, where intense levels of ambient solar UVR are experienced for most of the year, and increasingly for sun-sensitive people who holiday at the beach or similarly sunny destinations. Over-exposure to solar UVR is a modifiable risk factor for skin cancer. Sun exposure during childhood is particularly relevant to the development of both cutaneous melanoma and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), while squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) risk tends to be more closely aligned to total lifetime sun exposure.

Several forms of sun protection are generally required to reduce sun exposure enough to decrease the risk of skin cancer. New and innovative approaches to skin cancer prevention are urgently needed to reduce morbidity from skin cancer and to combat the growing personal, economic, and societal burden that this major public health problem poses. Many interventions aimed at improving sun safety, whether purely behavioural in focus or environmental-settings-based approaches, have been developed, implemented, and evaluated, although consistent evidence is minimal, noting that the outcomes of most interventions with negligible or no impact are rarely published.  

The exponential rate of advancement in digital technology has already seen rapid growth in the number of digital applications relevant to skin cancer offering promise across the entire prevention spectrum from primary to secondary and tertiary skin cancer prevention. Environmental interventions coupled with these mobile technologies can increase the breadth of settings in which skin cancer prevention can take place. Additionally, the interaction between clinicians and the public health workforce in communicating skin cancer prevention to their patients and the broader public is a relevant topic worthy of further investigation.

We encourage submissions that provide insights into primary, secondary, or tertiary prevention. This Special Issue invites research on all aspects of skin cancer prevention in a broader sense. Specifically, outcomes of translating clinical observations to improvements in the clinic and population-based observations, sun-safety interventions and RCTs examining the effectiveness of interventions in changing (or failing to change) sun-safe behaviours and attitudes are all welcome.

In this Special Issue, both original research articles and review studies will be considered. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following: primary, secondary, and tertiary skin cancer prevention; trends in population data, including direct observation or self-reported sun-protection behaviours such as the use of shade, sun-protective clothing, hats, sunglasses, and/or sunscreen and consideration of the perceived barriers and enablers to using sun protection; estimates of sun exposure including UV dosimetry or self-report data (e.g., questionnaire, diary methods, residential history, recalling estimated frequency and severity of sunburn); current goals and targets for skin cancer prevention in the population; updates describing promising advances in the screening, early diagnosis, and treatment of keratinocyte skin cancer and cutaneous melanoma; and recent development and evaluation of interventions, environmental adaptations, or digital/online technologies.

We look forward to receiving your contributions. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries. We are happy to provide a preliminary assessment as to the likely suitability of a potential article.

Kind Regards,

Dr. Simone Harrison
Dr. Karlijn Thoonen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Current Oncology is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • skin cancer epidemiology
  • intervention research
  • sun-protective behaviours
  • population health
  • UVR exposure
  • skin cancer prevention
  • early detection
  • sun safety
  • melanoma
  • keratinocyte cancer
  • basal cell carcinoma
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • sunburn
  • hats
  • clothing
  • shade availability
  • ultraviolet protection factor (UPF)
  • sunscreen
  • sun protection factor (SPF)
  • vitamin D
  • barriers and enabler
  • RCTs
  • sunglasses
  • Australian Standards

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 2065 KiB  
Article
Plasma Thermogram Parameters Differentiate Status and Overall Survival of Melanoma Patients
by Taylor Q. Nguyen, Gabriela Schneider, Alagammai Kaliappan, Robert Buscaglia, Guy N. Brock, Melissa Barousse Hall, Donald M. Miller, Jason A. Chesney and Nichola C. Garbett
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(7), 6079-6096; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30070453 - 24 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1220
Abstract
Melanoma is the fifth most common cancer in the United States and the deadliest of all skin cancers. Even with recent advancements in treatment, there is still a 13% two-year recurrence rate, with approximately 30% of recurrences being distant metastases. Identifying patients at [...] Read more.
Melanoma is the fifth most common cancer in the United States and the deadliest of all skin cancers. Even with recent advancements in treatment, there is still a 13% two-year recurrence rate, with approximately 30% of recurrences being distant metastases. Identifying patients at high risk for recurrence or advanced disease is critical for optimal clinical decision-making. Currently, there is substantial variability in the selection of screening tests and imaging, with most modalities characterized by relatively low accuracy. In the current study, we built upon a preliminary examination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in the melanoma setting to examine its utility for diagnostic and prognostic assessment. Using regression analysis, we found that selected DSC profile (thermogram) parameters were useful for differentiation between melanoma patients and healthy controls, with more complex models distinguishing melanoma patients with no evidence of disease from patients with active disease. Thermogram features contributing to the third principal component (PC3) were useful for differentiation between controls and melanoma patients, and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis indicated that PC3 was useful for predicting the overall survival of active melanoma patients. With the further development and optimization of the classification method, DSC could complement current diagnostic strategies to improve screening, diagnosis, and prognosis of melanoma patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Skin Cancer Prevention, Early Diagnosis and Treatment)
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17 pages, 896 KiB  
Article
Vitamin D and Sun Exposure: A Community Survey in Australia
by Vu Tran, Monika Janda, Robyn M. Lucas, Donald S. A. McLeod, Bridie S. Thompson, Mary Waterhouse, David C. Whiteman and Rachel E. Neale
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(2), 2465-2481; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30020188 - 18 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3115
Abstract
Sun exposure carries both harms and benefits. Exposing the skin to the sun is the main modifiable cause of skin cancers, which exert a considerable health and economic burden in Australia. The most well-established benefit of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is vitamin [...] Read more.
Sun exposure carries both harms and benefits. Exposing the skin to the sun is the main modifiable cause of skin cancers, which exert a considerable health and economic burden in Australia. The most well-established benefit of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is vitamin D production. Australia has the highest incidence of skin cancer in the world but, despite the high ambient UV radiation, approximately one quarter of the population is estimated to be vitamin D deficient. Balancing the risks and benefits is challenging and requires effective communication. We sought to provide a snapshot of public knowledge and attitudes regarding sun exposure and vitamin D and to examine the associations between these factors and sun protective behaviors. In 2020 we administered an online survey; 4824 participants with self-reported fair or medium skin color were included in this analysis. Only 25% and 34% of participants were able to identify the amount of time outdoors needed to maintain adequate vitamin D status in summer and winter, respectively and 25% were concerned that sunscreen use inhibits vitamin D synthesis. This lack of knowledge was associated with suboptimal sun protection practices. Public education is warranted to prevent over-exposure, while supporting natural vitamin D production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Skin Cancer Prevention, Early Diagnosis and Treatment)
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10 pages, 987 KiB  
Article
“Well, to Be Honest, I Don’t Have an Idea of What It Might Be”—A Qualitative Study on Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
by Luisa Leonie Brokmeier, Katharina Diehl, Bianca Annika Spähn, Charlotte Jansen, Tobias Konkel, Wolfgang Uter and Tatiana Görig
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(2), 2290-2299; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30020177 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2102
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer type in Western industrialized countries. However, research into the knowledge and awareness in the general population regarding NMSC is still scarce. This qualitative study aims to fill this research gap. Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with [...] Read more.
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer type in Western industrialized countries. However, research into the knowledge and awareness in the general population regarding NMSC is still scarce. This qualitative study aims to fill this research gap. Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with 20 individuals aged 55–85 years were conducted between February and October 2020. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The term “white skin cancer”—the German colloquial term of NMSC—was well-known, but the incidence was underestimated. None of the participants could give a precise definition of NMSC, and various alterations in the skin were, partially wrongly, stated as potential signs for NMSC. As risk factors for NMSC, solar radiation, and fair skin type were mentioned most often. The perceived individual risk of developing NMSC and risk compared to individuals of the same age and gender were low in our sample. Own knowledge about NMSC was mostly perceived to be insufficient, and the majority of the sample would like to receive more information on NMSC. Our results emphasize a need to inform about the signs and risks of NMSC not only in the studied older age group but also in younger people. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Skin Cancer Prevention, Early Diagnosis and Treatment)
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Review

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22 pages, 902 KiB  
Review
Skin Cancer Prevention across the G7, Australia and New Zealand: A Review of Legislation and Guidelines
by Santina Conte, Ammar Saed Aldien, Sébastien Jetté, Jonathan LeBeau, Sauliha Alli, Elena Netchiporouk, François Lagacé, Philippe Lefrançois, Lisa Iannattone and Ivan V. Litvinov
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(7), 6019-6040; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30070450 - 23 Jun 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3254
Abstract
Incidence rates of melanoma and keratinocyte skin cancers have been on the rise globally in recent decades. While there has been a select focus on personal sun protection awareness, to our knowledge, there is a paucity of legislation in place to help support [...] Read more.
Incidence rates of melanoma and keratinocyte skin cancers have been on the rise globally in recent decades. While there has been a select focus on personal sun protection awareness, to our knowledge, there is a paucity of legislation in place to help support citizens’ efforts to protect themselves from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Given this, we conducted a comprehensive review of legislation and guidelines pertaining to a variety of sun protection-related topics in countries of the Group of Seven (G7), Australia and New Zealand. Australia was the only country to have banned tanning beds for individuals of all ages, while other select countries have instituted bans for minors. In workplace policy, there is very little recognition of the danger of occupational UVR exposure in outdoor workers, and thus very few protective measures are in place. With regard to sports and recreation, certain dermatological/professional associations have put forward recommendations, but no legislation was brought forward by government bodies outside of Australia and New Zealand. With regard to youth, while there are various guidelines and frameworks in place across several countries, adherence remains difficult in the absence of concrete legislation and standardization of procedures. Finally, only Australia and a few select jurisdictions in the United States have implemented sales tax exemptions for sunscreen products. In light of our findings, we have made several recommendations, which we anticipate will help reduce the rates of melanoma and keratinocyte cancers in years to come. However, minimizing UVR exposure is not without risk, and we, therefore, suggest the promotion of vitamin D supplementation in conjunction with sun protective practices to limit potential harm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Skin Cancer Prevention, Early Diagnosis and Treatment)
15 pages, 1183 KiB  
Review
Slip, Slop, Slap, Slide, Seek and Sport: A Systematic Scoping Review of Sun Protection in Sport in Australasia
by Sarah K. Morton and Simone L. Harrison
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(1), 401-415; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30010033 - 28 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3870
Abstract
Australia and New Zealand have the highest incidence of skin cancer. Sport is a fundamental part of Australasian culture, beginning in childhood, often with life-long participation. Participating in outdoor sports can contribute significantly to the lifetime ultraviolet radiation (UVR) dose individuals receive and [...] Read more.
Australia and New Zealand have the highest incidence of skin cancer. Sport is a fundamental part of Australasian culture, beginning in childhood, often with life-long participation. Participating in outdoor sports can contribute significantly to the lifetime ultraviolet radiation (UVR) dose individuals receive and their risk of developing skin cancer. This systematic scoping review explores the use of sun-protection by outdoor sporting participants in Australasia and considers how sun-protection practices may be improved and better evaluated in the community. A search of electronic databases using the search strategy “sun protection” AND “sport” AND “Australia” yielded 17 studies published in English from January 1992 to August 2021. Study methods included using UV-dosimeters to measure individual UVR-exposure; remote estimates of clothing-adjusted UVR-exposure; direct observation of sun-protection practices; and self-reported sun-exposure and sun-protection. Despite 40 years of ‘Slip, Slop, Slap’ campaigns in Australia, the use of sun-protection in most outdoor sports is inadequate. The paucity of comparable data limited our analyses, demonstrating a need for standardized, objective evaluation tools. Such tools, if used across a range of sports, should inform the development of workable recommendations that sporting clubs could implement and adopt into policy, thus empowering them to better protect the health of their participants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Skin Cancer Prevention, Early Diagnosis and Treatment)
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20 pages, 1413 KiB  
Systematic Review
Nanoparticle-Based Treatment Approaches for Skin Cancer: A Systematic Review
by Michael Joseph Diaz, Nicole Natarelli, Shaliz Aflatooni, Sarah J. Aleman, Sphurti Neelam, Jasmine Thuy Tran, Kamil Taneja, Brandon Lucke-Wold and Mahtab Forouzandeh
Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(8), 7112-7131; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30080516 - 25 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2377
Abstract
Nanoparticles have shown marked promise as both antineoplastic agents and drug carriers. Despite strides made in immunomodulation, low success rates and toxicity remain limitations within the clinical oncology setting. In the present review, we assess advances in drug delivery nanoparticles, for systemic and [...] Read more.
Nanoparticles have shown marked promise as both antineoplastic agents and drug carriers. Despite strides made in immunomodulation, low success rates and toxicity remain limitations within the clinical oncology setting. In the present review, we assess advances in drug delivery nanoparticles, for systemic and topical use, in skin cancer treatment. A systematic review of controlled trials, meta-analyses, and Cochrane review articles was conducted. Eligibility criteria included: (1) a primary focus on nanoparticle utility for skin cancer; (2) available metrics on prevention and treatment outcomes; (3) detailed subject population; (4) English language; (5) archived as full-text journal articles. A total of 43 articles were selected for review. Qualitative analysis revealed that nanoscale systems demonstrate significant antineoplastic and anti-metastasis properties: increased drug bioavailability, reduced toxicity, enhanced permeability and retention effect, as well as tumor growth inhibition, among others. Nanoformulations for skin cancers have largely lagged behind those tested in other cancers–several of which have commercialized formulae. However, emerging evidence has indicated a powerful role for these carriers in targeting primary and metastatic skin cancers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Skin Cancer Prevention, Early Diagnosis and Treatment)
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