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Crystals
Special Issues
Structural Changes during Steel Processing
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Structural Changes during Steel Processing

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Crystalline Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 11355

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Marina Polyakova

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Material Processing, Metallurgy, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Processing Institute, Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Lenin Prospect, 38, 455000 Magnitogorsk, Russia
Interests: carbon steel; deformational processing; microstructure; mechanical properties; quality management; standardization
Dr. Marina Samodurova

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Information and Measuring Techniques, High School of Electronics and Computer Sciences, South Ural State University, Lenin prospect 76, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
Interests: special metallurgical processes; digital industrial processes; deformational processes; laser technologies; mechanics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Manufacturing processes consisting of complex multioperational technological actions on metal workpieces are becoming increasingly widespread in different areas of industry. In addition, products made of modern materials can be technologically processed in a number of different ways. One cannot overestimate the role of metals at this present stage in the development of human society. The new outlooks for market access and new technologies are placing demands on production turnout with even higher quality requirements. Hence, items with special properties and regulated structure and mechanical characteristics of dimensional accuracy and surface quality will continue to be demanded.

The great variety of processing methods applied in the technology of metal product manufacture is offering wide opportunities in engineering for the development of product quality indices; the design of processing schemes, which have a high degree of technological branching and internal flexibility with a great number of variants; mobility in the process of product range change; and the capability of small batch production.  The sequence of various processing methods and their arrangement in the processing chain is determined on the basis of specialized knowledge about their qualitative and quantitative influence on the product quality characteristics that are required when a certain engineering problem must be solved.

 The microstructure is the geometric arrangement of grains and the different phases present in a material. It is a well-known fact that the microstructure parameters and properties of processed metals and alloys largely depend on the manner of applied processing. At present, different methods of processing based on processes of different physical and chemical natures are used to alter microstructure to achieve the desired level of properties in accordance with the exploitation conditions. In fact, such methods as rolling, pressing, extrusion, drawing based on pressure, heat treatment based on heating and cooling at different rates, a combination of mechanical and heat treatment, methods of severe plastic deformation, etc., play a significant role in microstructure formation. At the same time, coating technologies are used when different properties are required for the surface than in the bulk.  

It is necessary to keep in mind that all methods of metal processing as well as microstructure and property changes are based on a definite theoretical background. Based on theoretical knowledge, a great variety of industrial technological processes have been developed. In general, science-driven technologies make it possible to enhance the possibilities of different kinds of structure-altering processing to achieve the desired level of properties for any metal part. However, technological progress is required to create both new materials and processes for their manufacturing, which includes techniques to improve their properties according to conditions in which they will be used.

It is envisaged that the present Special Issue, “Structural Changes during Steel Processing”, will serve as a status report summarizing the progress achieved on this topic in recent years. It is hoped that this Special Issue can bring together institutions, bodies, and organizations from different countries of the world in discussing and fostering cooperation in the various areas of different kinds of steel processing. Hence, this Special Issue will not only provide essential knowledge but also represents a great opportunity to share experiences regarding different issues of structural changes that have an essential role in determining steel properties through manufacture.

Dr. Marina Polyakova
Dr. Marina Samodurova
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Crystals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metals
  • carbon steel
  • alloyed steel
  • deformational processing
  • deformation mechanisms
  • grains
  • textures
  • microstructure
  • phase transformations
  • functional properties
  • structure–property interactions
  • computer simulation
  • casting
  • rolling
  • welding
  • drawing
  • pressing
  • extrusion
  • additive manufacturing

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 158 KiB  
Editorial
Structural Changes during Steel Processing
by Marina Polyakova and Marina Samodurova
Crystals 2022, 12(10), 1333; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101333 - 21 Sep 2022
Viewed by 796
Abstract
It is impossible to overestimate the role of metals and alloys in the development of human civilization [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Changes during Steel Processing)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

12 pages, 3573 KiB  
Article
A New Correction Theory and Verification on the Reducing Rate Distribution for Seamless Tube Stretch-Reducing Process
by Jianhua Hu, Sheng Yang, Yulong Huang, Xiaohua Wang and Jianxun Chen
Crystals 2022, 12(9), 1296; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091296 - 14 Sep 2022
Viewed by 1518
Abstract
The reducing rate distribution is critical for the quality and precision of the final pipe during the process of stretch-reducing of the seamless pipe. The inhomogeneous deformation of the pipe may occur if the reducing rate distribution is improper. This paper analyzed the [...] Read more.
The reducing rate distribution is critical for the quality and precision of the final pipe during the process of stretch-reducing of the seamless pipe. The inhomogeneous deformation of the pipe may occur if the reducing rate distribution is improper. This paper analyzed the trend of the reducing rate distribution in terms of metal flow and put forward a “three-point and two-section converged” correction theory based on relevant research. In order to verify the theory, the finite element model is established according to the results obtained from the modified model. The simulation is accomplished successfully, and the cross-section of the pipe is evenly reduced with the longitudinal metal flowing uniformly. The result from the experiment is consistent with that from the simulation, which shows the rationality of this theory, providing a new method for the reduction rate allocation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Changes during Steel Processing)
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10 pages, 2888 KiB  
Article
Effect of κ Carbides on Deformation Behavior of Fe-27Mn-10Al-1C Low Density Steel
by Siyuan Li, Dazhao Li, Haitao Lu, Pengfei Cao and Ruofei Xie
Crystals 2022, 12(7), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12070991 - 17 Jul 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1765
Abstract
Fe-Mn-Al-C steel, which is a potential lightweight material for automobiles, has a variety of microstructures and good mechanical properties. The effect of κ carbides on the mechanical properties and strain hardening rate of Fe-27Mn-10Al-1C (wt.%) low density steel was studied by short-time heat [...] Read more.
Fe-Mn-Al-C steel, which is a potential lightweight material for automobiles, has a variety of microstructures and good mechanical properties. The effect of κ carbides on the mechanical properties and strain hardening rate of Fe-27Mn-10Al-1C (wt.%) low density steel was studied by short-time heat treatment to control the precipitation behavior of κ carbides. Quenched specimens have an excellent combination of strength and plasticity and continuous high strain hardening rate, which is due to the uniform distribution of κ carbides with an average size of 1.6 nm in an austenite matrix. The fracture mode of the sample changed from ductile fracture to cleavage fracture, which was because the aging treatment promoted the precipitation of B2 phases and κ carbides at grain boundaries. The size and volume fraction of nanoscale κ carbides in austenite grains increase with the increase of aging temperature, and the yield strength increases but the density of slip bands decreases, resulting in the gradual decrease of strain hardening rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Changes during Steel Processing)
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9 pages, 62717 KiB  
Article
Effect of (NbTi)C Particles on the Microstructure and Hardness of High Chromium and Nickel Indefinite Chilled Cast Iron
by Hongwei Zhu, Shule Xia, Long Zhai, Jiyu Dong and Furen Xiao
Crystals 2022, 12(7), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12070978 - 14 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1478
Abstract
High chromium and nickel indefinite chilled cast iron (ICCI), as an excellent hot roll material, is the preferred roll variety due to its good combination of surface roughness, hot crack resistance, and hot wear resistance. The microstructure and hardness of ICCI roll materials [...] Read more.
High chromium and nickel indefinite chilled cast iron (ICCI), as an excellent hot roll material, is the preferred roll variety due to its good combination of surface roughness, hot crack resistance, and hot wear resistance. The microstructure and hardness of ICCI roll materials with different contents of (NbTi)C particles is studied here, and the microstructure evolution process is analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The influence of (NbTi)C particles on the carbide morphology and distribution is investigated by metallographic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the existence of (NbTi)C particles is observed. The experimental results show that (NbTi)C particles are present in granular, rod, and polygonal forms. Combined with a Thermo-Calc solidification phase diagram, it is found that the (NbTi)C particles undergo eutectic precipitation in the melt, forming short rod-shaped (NbTi)C carbides with a size of about 10 μm. Through the Rockwell hardness test, it is found that the hardness after adding 0.8 wt % (NbTi)C particles was 54.4 HRC, which was 21.1% higher than that without the addition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Changes during Steel Processing)
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12 pages, 3318 KiB  
Article
Evolution of Structure and Properties of Micro-Nano Structure 2507 Duplex Stainless Steel Prepared by Aluminothermic Reduction
by Faqi Zhan, Xiao Liu, Hua Zhang, Keliang Wang, Shipeng Xu, Min Zhu, Yuehong Zheng and Peiqing La
Crystals 2022, 12(6), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12060848 - 16 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1550
Abstract
In this work, a large ingot of micro-nano structure 2507 duplex stainless steel was prepared in a single step using the aluminothermic reaction method. Chromium having different excess fractions were added to reaction powders to make up for evaporation loss, and the results [...] Read more.
In this work, a large ingot of micro-nano structure 2507 duplex stainless steel was prepared in a single step using the aluminothermic reaction method. Chromium having different excess fractions were added to reaction powders to make up for evaporation loss, and the results show that the composition and structure of 2507 duplex stainless steel with a chromium excess ratio of 70% are satisfactory. The volume fraction of nanocrystalline in as-cast alloy was 41% and the average grain size was 34 nm. Additionally, the anticipated steels were rolled roughly with deformation of 40% at 1000 °C and followed by fine rolling with deformation of 30, 50 and 70%, separately, at 800 °C. Then, the effects of rolling deformation and precipitation on mechanical properties were studied in detail. Compared with the as-cast alloy, there was no phase transformation in the alloys with deformation of 30 and 50%, and they were still composed of γ and α phases, whereas the σ phase appeared in the alloy with deformation of 70%. When the deformation was 50%, the rolled alloy achieved the best performance, and the tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation were 912 MPa, 523 MPa, and 24.3%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Changes during Steel Processing)
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8 pages, 4088 KiB  
Article
Roles of Silicon Content and Normalization Temperature on Cold Workability and Recrystallization of High-Grade Non-Oriented Silicon Steel
by Yuan Lin, Hongxia Wang, Shijia Wang, Wenkang Zhang, Lixia Wang, Zhiyuan Feng and Yide Wang
Crystals 2022, 12(5), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12050593 - 23 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1612
Abstract
In order to decrease the difficulty of cold workability and study the recrystallization behavior of high-grade non-oriented silicon steel, Si content and normalization temperature were optimized simultaneously. The microstructure and texture of both hot-rolled sheet and normalized annealing sheet presented a gradient distribution. [...] Read more.
In order to decrease the difficulty of cold workability and study the recrystallization behavior of high-grade non-oriented silicon steel, Si content and normalization temperature were optimized simultaneously. The microstructure and texture of both hot-rolled sheet and normalized annealing sheet presented a gradient distribution. With the decrease in Si content from 3.02% to 2.54% and increase in normalization temperature from 850 °C to 920 °C, Goss texture ({110}<001>) intensity at surface layer and α-fiber (<110>//RD) texture intensity were strengthened, and α-fiber texture gradually turned to α*-fiber ({1 1 h}<1/h 1 2>) in the normalized annealing sheet. Recrystallization ratio and recrystallization grain size were increased both in the hot-rolled sheet and the normalized annealing sheet. The tensile strength and yield strength of normalized annealing sheet were reduced by 65 Mpa, which decreased the cold workability difficulty and improved cold rolling yield. The cold rolled microstructure had wider shear bands which nucleated earlier but recrystallized velocity was slower because of lower cold rolled energy storage during interval recrystallization annealing, resulting in a more heterogeneous grain size distribution in the final annealing sheet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Changes during Steel Processing)
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16 pages, 7116 KiB  
Article
Effect of Yttrium-Based Rare Earth on Inclusions and Cryogenic Temperature Impact Properties of Offshore Engineering Steel
by Diqiang Luo, Min Liu, Xin Jiang, Yinhong Yu, Zhenming Zhang, Xiaoming Feng and Chaobin Lai
Crystals 2022, 12(3), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12030305 - 22 Feb 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1959
Abstract
EH36 offshore engineering steels with varied yttrium-based rare earth content were prepared by trials in industrial production. The effects of yttrium-based rare earth on the inclusions and cryogenic temperature impact properties of EH36 offshore engineering steel were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, automatic [...] Read more.
EH36 offshore engineering steels with varied yttrium-based rare earth content were prepared by trials in industrial production. The effects of yttrium-based rare earth on the inclusions and cryogenic temperature impact properties of EH36 offshore engineering steel were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, automatic statistics of inclusions, thermodynamic analysis and fracture morphology analysis. Yttrium-based rare earth could refine the inclusions and modify irregular Al2O3 and MnS inclusions into small, spherical, regular rare earth inclusions. The optimal impact properties were found in EH36 steel with 0.020 wt.% yttrium-based rare earth. Compared with 0RE steel, the RE-inclusions were within 3 μm (91.95% of total inclusions) in diameter and were spherical or quasi-spherical when dispersed in 200RE steel. Meanwhile, the cryogenic temperature impact properties significantly increased: 200RE steel impact properties were increased by 245.1% at −80 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Changes during Steel Processing)
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