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Coatings
Special Issues
Advanced Surface Technology and Application
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Advanced Surface Technology and Application

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2024 | Viewed by 8478

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kaiming Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Automobile and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
Interests: surface treatment; laser cladding; laser additive manufacturing; microstructure; wear-resistant alloy; superalloy; mechanical properties; HEA alloy; corrosion resistance; friction; high temperature oxidation; microhardness; heat treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Zhenlin Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
Interests: surface technology; laser cladding; laser additive manufacturing; microstructure; titanium alloy; superalloy; surface treatment; mechanical properties; microhardness; fatigue property; heat treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Dingding Xiang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110057, China
Interests: implants; tribology; corrosion; surface modification; additive manufacturing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jiang Ju

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Interests: additive manufacturing; microstructure; HEA alloy; wear-resistant alloy; titanium alloy; superalloy; surface treatment; mechanical properties; corrosion resistance; friction; high temperature oxidation; heat treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As you know, in the aerospace, petrochemical, automotive, metallurgical, and other industries, many parts of different machines are in a high-wear, high-temperature, and high-pressure environment, and are thus prone to wear and corrosion. Therefore, wear resistibility, corrosion resistibility, and stability under high temperatures need to be further improved. Surface technology involves the fields of materials science, chemistry, physics, tribology, microelectronics, information science, nanotechnology, biomedicine and other disciplines, and is one of the important frontiers of modern high-tech fields and advanced manufacturing. In recent years, the research into surface technology has achieved good results, and it is developing towards automation and intelligence. This topic aims to integrate and present the latest advances to inspire and inform relevant researchers in the field of surface technology, and to promote the application of surface technology.

The topics of interest for this Special Issue include (but are not restricted to):

  • Novel surface material systems, e.g., superalloy, high-entropy alloys, amorphous alloys, gradient alloys;
  • External field-assisted surface technology, e.g., ultrasonic and electromagnetic field;
  • High-wear-resistant, high-corrosion-resistant, high-temperature-oxidation-resistant and self-lubricating coatings;
  • Repair and strengthening of machine parts;
  • Novel surface technology methods, e.g., extreme high-speed laser material deposition (EHLA);
  • Simulation analysis of surface technology, e.g., temperature field, stress field, microstructure simulation;
  • Monitoring and control of surface technology processes—combination of image processing and artificial intelligence methods to promote the development of surface technology;
  • Surface functionalization, including spraying, plating, heat treatment, physical/chemical vapor deposition, femtosecond laser processing, nano-etching, and promising methods and processes for surface functionalization;
  • Corrosion and protection of surface coatings;
  • Frictional wear and lubrication of the surface coatings;
  • Any other aspects of advanced surface technology.

Dr. Kaiming Wang
Dr. Zhenlin Zhang
Dr. Dingding Xiang
Dr. Jiang Ju
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • surface engineering
  • novel surface material systems
  • external field assisted surface technology
  • repair
  • novel surface technology methods
  • simulation analysis
  • monitoring and control of surface technology processes
  • frictional wear and lubrication

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 14656 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Microhole Quality of Nickel-Based Single Crystal Superalloy Processed by Ultrafast Laser
by Dongxu Zhang, Zhichao Song, Zhuang Luo, Xiaoyue Guo and Zhixun Wen
Coatings 2024, 14(1), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14010137 - 20 Jan 2024
Viewed by 832
Abstract
The geometric accuracy and surface quality of thin-film cooling holes have a significant impact on the cooling efficiency and fatigue life of aeroengine turbine blades. In this paper, we conducted experimental research on the processing of nickel-based single-crystal high-temperature alloy DD6 flat plates [...] Read more.
The geometric accuracy and surface quality of thin-film cooling holes have a significant impact on the cooling efficiency and fatigue life of aeroengine turbine blades. In this paper, we conducted experimental research on the processing of nickel-based single-crystal high-temperature alloy DD6 flat plates using different femtosecond laser processes. Our focus was on analyzing the effects of various laser parameters on the geometric accuracy results of microholes and the quality of the surfaces and inner walls of these holes. The results demonstrate that femtosecond laser processing has great influence on the geometrical accuracy and surface quality results of film cooling holes. Notably, the average laser power, focus position, and feed volume exert a significant influence on the geometric accuracy results of microholes. For instance, a higher laser power can damage the microhole wall, thereby leading to the formation of tiny holes and cracks. Additionally, microholes exhibit optimal roundness and taper values when using a zero defocus volume. Moreover, increasing the feed distance results in enhanced entrance and exit roundness, whereas scanning speed has a negligible impact on microhole roundness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Surface Technology and Application)
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14 pages, 6959 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Surface Residual Stresses after Laser Shock Processing on TC4 Titanium Alloy Using Different Neural Network Agent Models
by Xiangyu Ding, Hongliang Li, Zonghong Jiang, Junlong Zhang, Sijie Ma, Jida Zhong, Shengchao Wang and Cheng Wang
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1889; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111889 - 02 Nov 2023
Viewed by 611
Abstract
Nowadays, it has become a trend to use finite element simulation instead of experimental processes, and this is widely used in the fields of structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, fracture mechanics, and so on. By replacing the experimental process with finite element simulation, we [...] Read more.
Nowadays, it has become a trend to use finite element simulation instead of experimental processes, and this is widely used in the fields of structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, fracture mechanics, and so on. By replacing the experimental process with finite element simulation, we can reduce time and costs; however, when using finite element simulation, we need to define a series of settings, such as modeling, material assignment, environment settings, and many other operations. For laser shock processing intensification, the simulation experiment process is cumbersome and time-consuming. It involves performing neural network agent modeling, replacing finite element simulation with the learning and prediction capabilities of neural networks, learning by using some of the simulation results as a training sets for the neural network, and then learning by using the remaining simulation results as testing sets to test the predictive ability of the neural network agent model. TC4 titanium alloy was selected as the experimental material. Three kinds of neural network agent models, a genetic algorithm-optimized BP network, a strong classifier design based on BP_Adaboost, and an extreme learning machine, instead of finite element simulation experiments, were used to predict the residual stresses generated on the surfaces of the material under different laser shock parameters. Comparing the prediction performances of different neural network agent models, the genetic algorithm-optimized BP network shows the best prediction performance, and its prediction value matches well with the experimental value. The R2, RMSE, and MAE of the testing sets of the BP network optimized using the genetic algorithm were 0.9985, 44.4518, and 30.6285, respectively. The BP network agent model optimized using the genetic algorithm for laser shock parameters other than the 208 sets of data also had good prediction performance, and the predicted values were similar to the actual experimental results. The prediction results show that the BP network optimized using the genetic algorithm can predict the residual stresses on the surface of TC4 titanium alloy material under strengthening via laser shock processing; the genetic algorithm-optimized BP neural network agent model is more convenient and quicker compared to the finite element simulation, and the predicted value is also similar to the actual value. It can thus be used to replace finite element simulation by establishing a more convenient and quicker neural network agent model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Surface Technology and Application)
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11 pages, 6448 KiB  
Article
Effect of Different Etching Processes on Surface Defects of Quartz Crystals
by Qingzhi Li, Yubin Zhang, Zhaohua Shi, Weihua Li and Xin Ye
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1785; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13101785 - 18 Oct 2023
Viewed by 890
Abstract
In high-power laser systems, the loading capacity of fused silica components under 351 nm irradiation is an important factor limiting their ability to increase output power, and in the current study, the damage threshold enhancement of fused silica components after RIE and AMP [...] Read more.
In high-power laser systems, the loading capacity of fused silica components under 351 nm irradiation is an important factor limiting their ability to increase output power, and in the current study, the damage threshold enhancement of fused silica components after RIE and AMP treatments has been investigated. Sub-surface defects in fused silica components after RIE treatment have also been investigated, but the reason for the high damage threshold could never be explained. Since quartz crystals and fused silica belong to the same silica system, and quartz crystals have more characterisation means than fused silica, we can extrapolate to fused silica by studying quartz crystals. We can extrapolate to fused silica by studying quartz crystals, which are characterised by more means than fused silica, and prove that the extrapolation is correct by characterising fused silica. In this study, the relationship between the etching process and the damage threshold is concluded by studying different RIE etching processes, and the damage threshold of the samples is optimal when the etching depth is 1 um. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Surface Technology and Application)
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16 pages, 4658 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Innovative Design Applications of Paper-Based Aluminized Film
by Yi Zhou, Wei Zhou and Guobin Xia
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1751; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13101751 - 10 Oct 2023
Viewed by 876
Abstract
The growing demand for sustainable and innovative materials in product design has spurred interest in unconventional resources. Despite this, a gap persists in the effective utilization of paper-based materials, particularly with metallic coatings, for creative applications. This study aims to address this by [...] Read more.
The growing demand for sustainable and innovative materials in product design has spurred interest in unconventional resources. Despite this, a gap persists in the effective utilization of paper-based materials, particularly with metallic coatings, for creative applications. This study aims to address this by exploring the technical methods for applying Aluminum (Al) coatings to paper substrates. We developed paper-based aluminum coatings and combined them with corrugated cardboard to create a novel material for product development. Utilizing high-strength specialty paper as the substrate, an orthogonal experiment was conducted to identify key process parameters. Factors such as target–substrate distance, working pressure, current intensity, and coating duration were evaluated for their impact on the properties of the Al film. Our research culminated in the production of high-quality Al-plated corrugated cardboard. Capitalizing on its unique attributes, we employed a design approach that led to the creation of innovative furniture featuring structural forms like folding and insertion. This study not only introduces a new range of Al-plated corrugated cardboard products but also expands the potential applications of paper-based aluminized film in material-based product design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Surface Technology and Application)
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8 pages, 1881 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Efficiency and Anilox-Roll Condition after Ultrasonic Cleaning
by Kamila Przybysz, Aneta Lipkiewicz, Edyta Małachowska, Marcin Dubowik and Piotr Przybysz
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1699; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13101699 - 27 Sep 2023
Viewed by 745
Abstract
In the flexographic printing industry, anilox rolls play a pivotal role in determining ink usage. These rolls are characterized by anilox cells, which transfer ink to the final printed material. However, these rolls face wear and potential damage during their operational life, largely [...] Read more.
In the flexographic printing industry, anilox rolls play a pivotal role in determining ink usage. These rolls are characterized by anilox cells, which transfer ink to the final printed material. However, these rolls face wear and potential damage during their operational life, largely due to improper cleaning or debris accumulation in the ink duct. Such contamination compromises the ink capacity, impacting print quality. With the industry’s need for consistent and high-quality prints, there is a growing emphasis on the development and consistent implementation of optimal anilox-roll operation methodologies. One cleaning method gaining traction is ultrasonic cleaning. This method employs ultrasonic waves in conjunction with a cleaning agent, providing a quick, efficient, and environmentally conscious cleaning alternative. Yet, there is limited scientific data on the actual condition of anilox rolls after ultrasonic cleaning. In this study, the surface of anilox rolls post-ultrasonic-cleaning was comprehensively examined using microscopic analysis. This assessment provided insights into the method’s efficacy and potential for causing roll damage. The results showed that post-printing, rolls lost approximately 20% of their ink capacity, and ultrasonic cleaning effectively restored the ink capacity of the undamaged rolls. However, for rolls with pre-existing damage, the ultrasonic cleaning process exacerbated the damages, leading to complete delamination in some instances. This study underscores the potential of ultrasonic cleaning in restoring anilox-roll efficiency but also highlights the need for caution with damaged rolls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Surface Technology and Application)
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18 pages, 14014 KiB  
Article
Effect of WC Content on the Wear and Corrosion Properties of Oscillating Laser-Cladding-Produced Nickel-Based Coating
by Xuening Li, Songyan Zhang, Wei Liu, Xiaotong Pang, Yonggang Tong, Mingjun Zhang, Jian Zhang and Kaiming Wang
Coatings 2023, 13(9), 1614; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13091614 - 15 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 955
Abstract
Pneumatic conveying pipe is an important part of the coal industry. Its working environment is harsh, and it is mainly affected by serious wear and corrosion, which affects its operating life. Studying a method of strengthening the pipe wall of pneumatic conveying pipe [...] Read more.
Pneumatic conveying pipe is an important part of the coal industry. Its working environment is harsh, and it is mainly affected by serious wear and corrosion, which affects its operating life. Studying a method of strengthening the pipe wall of pneumatic conveying pipe is of great significance. In this paper, nickel-based alloy coatings with different WC (tungsten carbide) contents were prepared using an oscillating laser-cladding process, and the micro-characterization characteristics, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the laser-cladded layer were discussed. The main conclusions are as follows: The microstructure of the laser-cladded layer gradually grows from the plane crystals and cellular crystals at the bottom to the relatively coarse columnar crystals in the middle, and finally to a large number of equiaxed crystals in the upper part. Moreover, with an increase in WC content, more fine equiaxed crystals are formed, mainly due to the decrease in temperature gradient with the increase in distance from the fusion line. Also, with an increase in WC content, the hardness and wear resistance of the nickel-based alloy are improved. When 20% WC is added, the laser-cladded layer shows the best corrosion resistance in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, and its polarization resistance is 16% lower than that when 10% WC is added. This study provides a technical reference for improving the operating life of pneumatic conveying pipelines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Surface Technology and Application)
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10 pages, 3294 KiB  
Article
Non-Destructive Elemental Analysis of Raster Roller Damage Using X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
by Edyta Małachowska, Aneta Lipkiewicz, Marcin Dubowik, Robert Drozd and Piotr Przybysz
Coatings 2023, 13(8), 1398; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081398 - 09 Aug 2023
Viewed by 806
Abstract
Despite numerous methods to optimise their operation and parameters, anilox rolls are subject to rapid wear during use and due to improper cleaning processes. Therefore, regular diagnosis is needed. In this study, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis based on Fe and Cr was used [...] Read more.
Despite numerous methods to optimise their operation and parameters, anilox rolls are subject to rapid wear during use and due to improper cleaning processes. Therefore, regular diagnosis is needed. In this study, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis based on Fe and Cr was used to determine the elemental compositions of raster cylinder coatings. Due to the layered composition of the anilox roll, where Cr2O3 coating is applied on the iron core, evaluation of the composition of the roll surface can be used to detection of anilox damage. A portable XRF apparatus was used to identify selected elements even at low concentrations of <1%. In this work, it was proved that XRF can be a preliminary, rapid method for assessing the technical condition of an anilox cylinder. The XRF technique can be safely used in non-destructive chemical analyses of the anilox rollers’ condition in flexographic printing technology, and chemical information that aids in their use may be routinely obtained, thus enabling high-quality printing. This is a pioneering study in which the XRF spectroscopy technique was successfully used to anilox roll condition assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Surface Technology and Application)
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11 pages, 25515 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Molybdenum Coatings by Molten Salt Electrodeposition in Na3AlF6-NaF-Al2O3-MoO3 System
by Qian Kou, Weiliang Jin, Chuntao Ge, Jie Pang, Jun Zhang, Geir Martin Haarberg, Saijun Xiao and Ping Wang
Coatings 2023, 13(7), 1266; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071266 - 19 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1006
Abstract
In this paper, electrodeposition of a molybdenum coating was conducted in Na3AlF6-NaF-Al2O3-MoO3 molten salts at 930 °C to investigate the availability of preparation of thick molybdenum coatings. The effects of current density and electrodeposition [...] Read more.
In this paper, electrodeposition of a molybdenum coating was conducted in Na3AlF6-NaF-Al2O3-MoO3 molten salts at 930 °C to investigate the availability of preparation of thick molybdenum coatings. The effects of current density and electrodeposition time on the morphology of the produced molybdenum coating were studied. With the increase of current density (10~70 mA·cm−2), the coating thickness was increased from 10 μm to 30 μm, with all the current efficiency above 97%. Under a current density of 30 mA/cm2, with the rise of electrodeposition time (10~60 min), three stages of the deposit growth were observed, including the formation of a large number of fine crystals, transformation into fibrous morphology and well-developed faceted grains. The formation of a large number of fine crystals at the initial stage of the electrodeposition could facilitate electroplating molybdenum coatings with good quality at higher current density and longer duration. Thus electrodeposition at a current density of 100 mA·cm−2 for 3 h has been performed, resulting in the preparation of relatively flat, dense, and coherent molybdenum coatings with a thickness of 140 μm on a nickel substrate, with a current efficiency above 85%. It is anticipated that the electrodeposition of molybdenum coatings in the present molten system is suitable for electroplating thick molybdenum coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Surface Technology and Application)
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Review

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24 pages, 6871 KiB  
Review
Research Progress in Electrospark Deposition Coatings on Titanium Alloy Surfaces: A Short Review
by Jinfang Wang, Meng Zhang, Sheng Dai and Liu Zhu
Coatings 2023, 13(8), 1473; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081473 - 21 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1122
Abstract
The development process of electrospark deposition (ESD) technology is reviewed, and the principles and differences of ESD technology are discussed in this review. Based on the research status regarding the ESD of titanium alloys, the promotion effect of ESD technology on wear resistance, [...] Read more.
The development process of electrospark deposition (ESD) technology is reviewed, and the principles and differences of ESD technology are discussed in this review. Based on the research status regarding the ESD of titanium alloys, the promotion effect of ESD technology on wear resistance, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance at high temperatures, and the biocompatibility of titanium alloys was elaborated on. For example, with the use of ESD technology to prepare Ti–Al, TiN, Ni–Cr, and other hardening coatings with high hardness, the maximum hardness of the deposited layer is six times higher than that of the substrate material, which greatly reduces the loss of the material surface in the process of friction in service, and has a high wear–resistance effect. The preparation of a single–phase lamellar coating is more beneficial for improving the oxidation resistance of the substrate. Carbide and a nano–porous coating can effectively enhance the bone integration ability of implants and promote biocompatibility. The application of ESD technology in the surface modification of titanium alloys is reviewed in detail. Finally, the development direction of ESD technology for titanium alloys is proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Surface Technology and Application)
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