Editorial

3 pages, 178 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High-Temperature Structural Materials

by Yingyi Zhang

Coatings 2022, 12(8), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081136 - 07 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1558

This Special Issue presents a series of research papers and reviews about the second-phase enhancement, surface coating technology, high-temperature corrosion, wear, erosion, and protection of high-temperature structural materials. The effects of alloying and surface coating technology on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and oxidation [...] Read more.

This Special Issue presents a series of research papers and reviews about the second-phase enhancement, surface coating technology, high-temperature corrosion, wear, erosion, and protection of high-temperature structural materials. The effects of alloying and surface coating technology on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and oxidation resistance of materials were systematically introduced. In addition, this Special Issue also summarizes the strengthening mechanism of the second relatively refractory metal alloy and carbonized ceramic materials, compares the advantages and disadvantages of different surface coating technologies, and analyzes the oxidation behavior and failure mechanism of the coating in order to provide valuable research references for related fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

15 pages, 4890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Nano TiC on the Microhardness and Friction Properties of Laser Powder Bed Fusing Printed M2 High Speed Steel

by Yan Liu, Dingguo Zhao, Yue Li and Shuhuan Wang

Coatings 2022, 12(6), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12060825 - 12 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1805

Abstract

In this work, TiC/M2 high speed steel metal matrix composites (MMCs) were prepared using the ball milling method and laser powder bed fusing process. By controlling the TiC content in TiC/M2HSS, the grain size, phase composition, and frictional wear properties of the samples [...] Read more.

In this work, TiC/M2 high speed steel metal matrix composites (MMCs) were prepared using the ball milling method and laser powder bed fusing process. By controlling the TiC content in TiC/M2HSS, the grain size, phase composition, and frictional wear properties of the samples were enhanced. The results showed that when TiC/M2HSS was supplemented with 1% TiC, the surface microhardness of the samples increased to a maximum value and the wear volume decreased by approximately 39%, compared to pure M2HSS. The hardness and friction wear properties of the TiC/M2HSS composites showed a decreasing trend as the TiC content increased, owing to an increase in internal defects in the samples, as a result of excess TiC addition. The physical phases of the TiC/M2HSS MMC samples prepared by LPBF were dominated by the BCC phase, with some residual FCC phases and carbide phases. This work explored the possibility of enhancing the frictional wear performance of TiC/M2HSS samples by controlling the TiC content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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13 pages, 2906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electro-Oxidation of Metal Oxide-Fabricated Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Hydrogen Production via Water Splitting

by Tayyaba Ashfaq, Mariam Khan, Ifzan Arshad, Awais Ahmad, Shafaqat Ali, Kiran Aftab, Abdullah A. Al-Kahtani and Ammar Mohamed Tighezza

Coatings 2022, 12(5), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050548 - 19 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2152

Abstract

Hydrogen is a great sourcez of energy due to having zero emission of carbon-based contents. It is found primarily in water, which is abundant and renewable. For electrochemical splitting of water molecules, it is necessary to use catalytic materials that minimize energy consumption. [...] Read more.

Hydrogen is a great sourcez of energy due to having zero emission of carbon-based contents. It is found primarily in water, which is abundant and renewable. For electrochemical splitting of water molecules, it is necessary to use catalytic materials that minimize energy consumption. As a famous carbon material, graphitic carbon nitride, with its excellent physicochemical properties and diversified functionalities, presents great potential in electrocatalytic sensing. In the present work, graphitic carbon nitride-fabricated metal tungstate nanocomposites are synthesized by the hydrothermal method to study their applications in catalysis, electrochemical sensing, and water splitting for hydrogen production. Nanocomposites using different metals, such as cobalt, manganese, strontium, tin, and nickel, were used as a precursor are synthesized via the hydrothermal process. The synthesized materials (g-C₃N₄/NiWO₄, g-C₃N₄/MnWO₄, g-C₃N₄/CoWO₄, g-C₃N₄/SnWO₄, g-C₃N₄/SrWO₄) were characterized using different techniques, such as FTIR and XRD. The presence of a functional groups between the metal and tungstate groups was confirmed by the FTIR spectra. All the nanocomposites show a tungstate peak at 600 cm⁻¹, while the vibrational absorption bands for metals appear in the range of 400–600 cm⁻¹. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the characteristic peaks matched with the JCPDS in the literature, which confirmed the successful formation of all nanocomposites. The electrochemical active surface area is calculated by taking cyclic voltammograms of the potassium–ferrocyanide redox couple. Among the entire series of metal tungstate, the g-C₃N₄/NiWO₄ has a large surface area owing to the high conductive properties towards water oxidation. In order to study the electrocatalytic activity of the as-synthesized materials, electrochemical water splitting is performed by cyclic voltammetry in alkaline medium. All the synthesized materials proved to be efficient catalysts with enhanced conductive properties towards water oxidation. Among the entire series, g-C₃N₄-NiWO₄ is a very efficient electrocatalyst owing to its higher active surface area and conductive activity. The order of electrocatalytic sensing of the different composites is: g-C₃N₄-NiWO₄ > g-C₃N₄-SrWO₄ > g-C₃N₄-CoWO₄ > g-C₃N₄-SnWO₄ > g-C₃N₄-MnWO₄. Studies on electrochemically synthesized electrocatalysts revealed their catalytic activity, indicating their potential as electrode materials for direct hydrogen evolution for power generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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10 pages, 1815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Crack Sensitivity of Peritectic Steels

by Kai Liu, Shusen Cheng and Yaqiang Li

Coatings 2022, 12(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12010015 - 24 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2410

Abstract

By comprehensively considering both the high temperature mechanical properties and peritectic transformation during peritectic steel solidification, the strain

ε_{C}^{th}

is proposed to evaluate the crack sensitivity of peritectic steels produced in the brittle temperature range in the present work. The zero [...] Read more.

By comprehensively considering both the high temperature mechanical properties and peritectic transformation during peritectic steel solidification, the strain

ε_{C}^{th}

is proposed to evaluate the crack sensitivity of peritectic steels produced in the brittle temperature range in the present work. The zero ductility temperature (ZDT) and the zero strength temperature (ZST) of Fe–C–0.32Si–1.6Mn–0.01P–0.015S steel under nonequilibrium conditions by taking the effect of the peritectic transformation on the solute segregation into account were calculated by the CK microsegregation model (Clyne–Kurz model) and were compared with the measured data. The comparison results show that this model can well simulate the nonequilibrium solidification process of peritectic steel. Then, based on the calculation of the CK microsegregation model, the strain during the peritectic phase transformation in the brittle temperature range (ZDT < T_B < LIT) was calculated under nonequilibrium conditions. The results show that the calculated strain is in good agreement with the actual statistical longitudinal crack data indicating that the strain can therefore be used to predict the crack sensitivity of peritectic steels effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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16 pages, 6892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultra-Sensitive Biosensor with Simultaneous Detection (of Cancer and Diabetes) and Analysis of Deformation Effects on Dielectric Rods in Optical Microstructure

by Supat Chupradit, Shameen Ashfaq, Dmitry Bokov, Wanich Suksatan, Abduladheem Turki Jalil, Amer M. Alanazi and Mika Sillanpaa

Coatings 2021, 11(12), 1564; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121564 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 3280

Abstract

This study proposes a refractive index sensor for the simultaneous detection of cancer and diabetes based on photonic crystals (PhC). The proposed PhC composed of silicon rods in the air bed arranged in a hexagonal lattice forms the fundamental structure. Two tubes are [...] Read more.

This study proposes a refractive index sensor for the simultaneous detection of cancer and diabetes based on photonic crystals (PhC). The proposed PhC composed of silicon rods in the air bed arranged in a hexagonal lattice forms the fundamental structure. Two tubes are used to place the cancerous or diabetic samples for measurement. The sensor’s transmission characteristics are simulated and analyzed by solving Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations using the finite-difference time-domain approach for samples being studied. Therefore, diabetes and cancer are detected according to the changes in the refractive index of the samples using the laser source centered at 1550 nm. Considering the findings, the sensor’s geometry changes to adjust the suggested sensitivity and quality factor of structure. According to the results, transmission power ranges between 91 and 100% based on the sample. Moreover, sensitivity ranges from 1294 to 3080 nm/RIU and the maximum Figure of Mertie is nearly FOM = 1550.11 ± 150.11 RIU⁻¹ with the detection in range 31 × 10⁻⁶ RIU. In addition, the small area (61.56 μm²) of biosensor results in its appropriateness for different uses in compact photonic integrated circuits. Next, we changed the shape of the dielectric rods and investigated their effects on the sensitivity parameter. The sensitivity and figure of merit after changes in the shape of dielectric rods and nanocavities are at best S = 20,393 nm/RIU and FOM = 9104.017 ± 606.93 RIU⁻¹, receptively. In addition, the resolution detection range is 203.93 × 10⁻⁶ RIU. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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13 pages, 2927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Sensitivity Biosensor Based on Glass Resonance PhC Cavities for Detection of Blood Component and Glucose Concentration in Human Urine

by Abduladheem Turki Jalil, Shameen Ashfaq, Dmitry Olegovich Bokov, Amer M. Alanazi, Kadda Hachem, Wanich Suksatan and Mika Sillanpää

Coatings 2021, 11(12), 1555; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121555 - 17 Dec 2021

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 3219

Abstract

In this work, a novel structure of an all-optical biosensor based on glass resonance cavities with high detection accuracy and sensitivity in two-dimensional photon crystal is designed and simulated. The free spectral range in which the structure performs well is about FSR = [...] Read more.

In this work, a novel structure of an all-optical biosensor based on glass resonance cavities with high detection accuracy and sensitivity in two-dimensional photon crystal is designed and simulated. The free spectral range in which the structure performs well is about FSR = 630 nm. This sensor measures the concentration of glucose in human urine. Analyses to determine the glucose concentration in urine for a normal range (0~15 mg/dL) and urine despite glucose concentrations of 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 g/dL in the wavelength range 1.326404~1.326426 μm have been conducted. The detection range is RIU = 0.2 × 10⁻⁷. The average bandwidth of the output resonance wavelengths is 0.34 nm in the lowest case. In the worst case, the percentage of optical signal power transmission is 77% with an amplitude of 1.303241 and, in the best case, 100% with an amplitude of 1.326404. The overall dimensions of the biosensor are 102.6 µm² and the sensitivity is equal to S = 1360.02 nm/RIU and the important parameter of the Figure of Merit (FOM) for the proposed biosensor structure is equal to FOM = 1320.23 RIU⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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10 pages, 1243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Virulence Genes and Biofilm Forming Capacity of Diarrheagenic E. coli Isolated from Different Water Sources

by Sadaf Tariq, Sobia Tabassum, Sadia Aslam, Mika Sillanpaa, Wahidah H. Al-Qahtani and Shafaqat Ali

Coatings 2021, 11(12), 1544; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121544 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2331

Abstract

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are associated with frequent incidences of waterborne infections and pose health risk to individuals who contact water for domestic or recreational uses. Detection of DEC pathotypes in drinking water can be used as an indicator of fecal contamination. This [...] Read more.

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are associated with frequent incidences of waterborne infections and pose health risk to individuals who contact water for domestic or recreational uses. Detection of DEC pathotypes in drinking water can be used as an indicator of fecal contamination. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of DEC pathotypes and their capacity to form biofilms in drinking water samples collected from different water sources. In this study, PCR analysis was used to determine the occurrence of four clinically significant virulence genes of diarrheagenic E. coli, eaeA (Enteropathogenic E. coli), stx1, stx2 (Enterohemorrhagic E. coli) and sth (Enterotoxigenic E. coli), in drinking water samples (n = 35) by using specific primers and conditions. PCR amplicons were visualized by using agarose gel electrophoresis. A total of 12/35 (34%) samples were detected as positive for at least one of the four DEC virulence genes and 11/12 (91%) E. coli isolates harbored virulence gene while 1/12 (8%) E. coli isolates harbored none. The eaeA and sth genes were the most detected genes (75%), while stx1 and stx2 genes were least detected genes (66%). Biofilm assay confirmed that ETEC pathotypes can cause damage in enteric walls by attaching and effacing to persist diarrheal conditions. This study indicated that drinking water of different sources is contaminated with potential DEC pathotypes and it can be a source of diarrheal diseases. The amplification of four virulence genes associated with DEC pathotypes (EPEC, EHEC and ETEC) in drinking water demonstrates that potentially virulent DEC pathotypes are distributed in water sources and may be a cause of health concern. There is, therefore, an urgent need to monitor DEC pathotypes in drinking water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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16 pages, 6389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Solidifying Structure on Centerline Segregation of S50C Steel Produced by Compact Strip Production

by Kai Liu, Shusen Cheng, Jipeng Li and Yongping Feng

Coatings 2021, 11(12), 1497; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121497 - 05 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2323

Abstract

Medium-high carbon steels having a high quality are widely used in China. It is advantageous to produce high value-added hot-rolled plates with the crystal refined and chemical composition homogenized in the casting slabs. However, element segregation occurs easily during high-medium carbon steels’ production. [...] Read more.

Medium-high carbon steels having a high quality are widely used in China. It is advantageous to produce high value-added hot-rolled plates with the crystal refined and chemical composition homogenized in the casting slabs. However, element segregation occurs easily during high-medium carbon steels’ production. Generally, the centerline segregation is improved by enlarging the equiaxed zone with low-superheat casting and electromagnetic stirring (EMS). Studies were conducted on centerline segregation of S50C steel slabs with a thickness of 52 mm produced by the compact strip production (CSP) process in China without EMS equipped. By sampling along the width at different position, the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) was measured after etching and picture processing, based on which the cooling rate was calculated. It was found that the cooling rate increased from the center to the surfaces of the slabs ranging in 1~20 K/s, 10 times faster than that of a conventional process. The faster cooling rate led to a refined solidifying structure and columnar dendrite through the center of the slabs. The SDAS tended to increase from surfaces to the center, ranging only 32~120 μm smaller than that of a conventional process in 100~300 μm, indicating a finer solidifying structure by the CSP process. Results by EPMA indicated that elements C, Si, and Mn distribute in dispersed spots, increasing towards the center, and the centerline segregation changed in a narrow range: for C mainly in 1.0~1.1, Si in 0.98~1.08, Mn in 0.96~1.02, respectively, meaning a more chemical homogenization than that of thick slabs. Elements’ segregation originated from solute redistribution between solid and liquid. According to thermodynamic calculation, δ region of S50C is so narrow that the solute redistribution mainly occurred between γ-Fe and liquid during solidification. As the equilibrium partition coefficient of element C was the smallest, it was easy for C to be rejected to the residual liquid in the inter-dendritic space, leading to obvious segregation, relatively. Besides, as a result of high-cooling intensity, the solidifying structure became so fine that the Fourier number increased and the volume of the residual liquid decreased, making centerline segregation alleviated effectively both in volume and degree. Although bulging was observed during the industrial experiment, the centerline segregation was still inhibited obviously as the refining solidifying structure with permeability ranged only in 0.1~2.3 μm² from the surfaces to centerline, which showed a good resistance on the residual flow towards the centerline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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11 pages, 3330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Binder-Free Electrode Based on CuCo₂O₄ Nanowires Coated with Polypyrrole Layer as a High-Performance Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensing Platform

by Mohammad Rafe Hatshan, Sadia Aslam, Dmitry Bokov, Ahmed Jaber Ibrahim, Yasser Fakri Mustafa, Afshin Davarpanah, Marischa Elveny and Shafaqat Ali

Coatings 2021, 11(12), 1462; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121462 - 28 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3232

Abstract

In this work, the CuCo₂O₄ nanowires (CuCo₂O₄ NWs) were grown on carbon cloth electrode (CCE) and then coated with polypyrrole (pPy) layer (CuCo₂O₄ NWs-pPy@CCE). The morphology and structure characterization of as-prepared CuCo₂O [...] Read more.

In this work, the CuCo₂O₄ nanowires (CuCo₂O₄ NWs) were grown on carbon cloth electrode (CCE) and then coated with polypyrrole (pPy) layer (CuCo₂O₄ NWs-pPy@CCE). The morphology and structure characterization of as-prepared CuCo₂O₄ NWs-pPy@CCE were carried out using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The CuCo₂O₄ NWs-pPy@CCE was applied directly as an electrocatalyst toward nonenzymatic glucose oxidation. Due to the advantages of this 3D structure, it offer high availability to the analyte/electrolyte, abundant electrochemical-active sites, and high stability and conductivity. As a glucose sensor, the CuCo₂O₄ NWs-pPy@CCE shows wide linear range (0.01 to 21.3 mM), excellent sensitivity (4.41 μA μM⁻¹ cm⁻²), good selectivity, low detection limit (0.2 μM), and rapid response time (<1 s) toward glucose detection. Furthermore, the designed sensor shows a great ability in detection of glucose in biological real samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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16 pages, 4921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Characterization and Photodegradation Studies of Copper Oxide–Graphene Nanocomposites

by Indah Raya, Awais Ahmad, Ayad F. Alkaim, Dmitry Bokov, Enas R. Alwaily, Rafael Luque, Mabkhoot Alsaiari and Mohammed Jalalah

Coatings 2021, 11(12), 1452; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121452 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2861

Abstract

In this work, a simple hydrothermal method was employed to prepare a pristine sample of copper oxide (CuO) and three samples of copper oxide–graphene nanocomposites (CuO-xG) with x = 2.5, 5, and 10 mg of graphene. The synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray [...] Read more.

In this work, a simple hydrothermal method was employed to prepare a pristine sample of copper oxide (CuO) and three samples of copper oxide–graphene nanocomposites (CuO-xG) with x = 2.5, 5, and 10 mg of graphene. The synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The XRD patterns of CuO-xG nanocomposites exhibited the diffraction peaks related to the crystal planes of monoclinic CuO and hexagonal graphite. The surface morphology of the prepared samples was investigated using FESEM images. EDX analysis was used to investigate the chemical composition of the synthesized samples. FTIR spectroscopy identified the vibrational modes of the covalent bonds present in the samples. The allowed direct optical bandgap energy was calculated for all prepared samples using UV-Vis absorption spectra. The small bandgap of CuO-xG nanocomposites indicates their potential use as an effective photocatalyst in the presence of visible light. Photocatalytic activity of the samples was explored for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye contaminant under visible light irradiation. The results showed that the CuO-5G sample has the highest photodegradation efficiency (~56%). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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23 pages, 8280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Removal Efficiency and Mechanism of Tetracycline in Water Using Biochar and Magnetic Biochar

by Hongwei Sun, Jingjie Yang, Yue Wang, Yucan Liu, Chenjian Cai and Afshin Davarpanah

Coatings 2021, 11(11), 1354; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111354 - 03 Nov 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3747

Abstract

In this study, a new type of sludge-derived biochar material with high tetracycline removal efficiency, named magnetic Fe₃O₄ biochar, was accomplished by KOH activated and loaded with magnetic Fe₃O₄. The particles with spherical pellets observed by [...] Read more.

In this study, a new type of sludge-derived biochar material with high tetracycline removal efficiency, named magnetic Fe₃O₄ biochar, was accomplished by KOH activated and loaded with magnetic Fe₃O₄. The particles with spherical pellets observed by SEM, as well as the XRD patterns, indicated that magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were successfully loaded onto the biochar. We studied the adsorption effects and mechanisms of the following three different adsorption materials for tetracycline: biochar (BC), magnetic Fe₃O₄, and magnetic biochar (MBC), and the loading conditions and reusability of the materials were also considered. The adsorption effects were as follows: Fe₃O₄ (94.3%) > MBC (88.3%) > BC (65.7%), and the ratio of biochar to ferric salt was 0.2:1; the removal effect reached the best result. Under an acidic condition, the adsorption capacity of all the materials reached the maximum, and the adsorption of tetracycline in water, by three adsorbents, involves chemical adsorption as the leading process and physical adsorption as the auxiliary process. Various characterizations indicated the removal of tetracycline, including pore filling, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bond action, and cationic-π action. Complex bridging is a unique adsorption mechanism of magnetic Fe₃O₄ and magnetic biochar. In addition, the magnetic biochar also possesses π–π bond interaction. The magnetic materials can still maintain a certain amount of adsorption capacity on tetracycline after five cycles. This study proved that the magnetic sludge-based biochar are ideal adsorbents for the removal of tetracycline from water, as well as an effective route for the reclamation of waste sludge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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15 pages, 5171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Different Rotations of Organic Formamidinium Molecule on Electronic and Optical Properties of FAPbBr₃ Perovskite

by Abdullah A. Al-Kahtani, Sobia Tabassum, Indah Raya, Ibrahim Hammoud Khlewee, Supat Chupradit, Afshin Davarpanah, Marischa Elveny and Shafaqat Ali

Coatings 2021, 11(11), 1341; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111341 - 01 Nov 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3154

Abstract

Hybrid organic–inorganic halide perovskites (HOIPs) have recently represented a material breakthrough for optoelectronic applications. Obviously, studying the interactions between the central organic cation and the Pb-X inorganic octahedral could provide a better understanding of HOIPs. In this work, we used a first-principles theoretical [...] Read more.

Hybrid organic–inorganic halide perovskites (HOIPs) have recently represented a material breakthrough for optoelectronic applications. Obviously, studying the interactions between the central organic cation and the Pb-X inorganic octahedral could provide a better understanding of HOIPs. In this work, we used a first-principles theoretical study to investigate the effect of different orientations of central formamidinium cation (FA⁺) on the electronic and optical properties of FAPbBr₃ hybrid perovskite. In order to do this, the band structure (with and without spin–orbit coupling (SOC)), density of states (DOS), partial density of states (PDOS), electron density, distortion index, bond angle variance, dielectric function, and absorption spectra were computed. The findings revealed that a change in the orientation of FA⁺ caused some disorders in the distribution of interactions, resulting in the formation of some specific energy levels in the structure. The interactions between the inorganic and organic parts in different directions create a distortion index in the bonds of the inorganic octahedral, thus leading to a change in the volume of PbBr₆. This is the main reason for the variations observed in the electronic and optical properties of FAPbBr₃. The obtained results can be helpful in solar-cell applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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10 pages, 4510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ZnO Nano-Flowers Assembled on Carbon Fiber Textile for High-Performance Supercapacitor’s Electrode

by Qasim Abbas, Muhammad Sufyan Javed, Awais Ahmad, Sajid Hussain Siyal, Idrees Asim, Rafael Luque, Munirah D. Albaqami and Ammar Mohamed Tighezza

Coatings 2021, 11(11), 1337; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111337 - 30 Oct 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2330

Abstract

Herein, a crystalline nano-flowers structured zinc oxide (ZnO) was directly grown on carbon fiber textile (CFT) substrate via a simple hydrothermal process and fabricated with a binder-free electrode (denoted as ZnO@CFT) for supercapacitor (SC) utilization. The ZnO@CFT electrode revealed a 201 F·g⁻¹ [...] Read more.

Herein, a crystalline nano-flowers structured zinc oxide (ZnO) was directly grown on carbon fiber textile (CFT) substrate via a simple hydrothermal process and fabricated with a binder-free electrode (denoted as ZnO@CFT) for supercapacitor (SC) utilization. The ZnO@CFT electrode revealed a 201 F·g⁻¹ specific capacitance at 1 A·g⁻¹ with admirable stability of >90% maintained after 3000 cycles at 10 A·g⁻¹. These impressive findings are responsible for the exceedingly open channels for well-organized and efficient diffusion of effective electrolytic conduction via ZnO and CFT. Consequently, accurate and consistent structural and morphological manufacturing engineering is well regarded when increasing electrode materials’ effective surface area and intrinsic electrical conduction capability. The crystalline structure of ZnO nano-flowers could pave the way for low-cost supercapacitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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18 pages, 4980 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Physical Experiment and Numerical Simulation on Thermal Effect of Aerogel Material for Steel Ladle Insulation Layer

by Limin Zhang, Liguang Zhu, Caijun Zhang, Zhiqiang Wang, Pengcheng Xiao and Zenxun Liu

Coatings 2021, 11(10), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11101205 - 01 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2807

Abstract

The selection of lining material for a steel ladle is important to heat preservation of molten steel. Aerogel insulation materials have very low thermal conductivity, however, they are rarely used in steel ladles. In this paper, the application of a new silica aerogel [...] Read more.

The selection of lining material for a steel ladle is important to heat preservation of molten steel. Aerogel insulation materials have very low thermal conductivity, however, they are rarely used in steel ladles. In this paper, the application of a new silica aerogel material on the steel ladle insulation layer is tested, and a new calculation method is designed to study its insulation effect. In other words, the ladle wall temperature is obtained by finite element model (FEM) and experiments, then the heat emission from the ladle wall is calculated by the Boltzmann mathematical model according to the ladle wall temperature, and the temperature loss of molten steel is calculated inversely according to the heat emission of ladle wall. Compared with the original steel ladle (comparison ladle), the application effect is analyzed. Due to the stable heat storage of the ladle wall after refining, the validity of the models are verified in ladle furnace (LF) process. The results show that the new calculation method is feasible, and the relevant parameter settings in the FEM and Boltzmann mathematical model are correct. Finally, after using the new aerogel insulation material, the temperature of molten steel is reduced by 16.67 °C, and the production cost is reduced by CNY 5.15/ton of steel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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13 pages, 3753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Structural Phase Transitions on Electronic and Optical Properties of CsPbI₃ Pure Inorganic Perovskites

by Rahmad Syah, Afshin Davarpanah, Mahyuddin K. M. Nasution, Qamar Wali, Dadan Ramdan, Munirah D. Albaqami, Mohamed Ouladsmane and Saja Mohammed Noori

Coatings 2021, 11(10), 1173; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11101173 - 28 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3728

Abstract

Hybrid inorganic perovskites (HIPs) have been developed in recent years as new high-efficiency semiconductors with a wide range of uses in various optoelectronic applications such as solar cells and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In this work, we used a first-principles theoretical study to investigate [...] Read more.

Hybrid inorganic perovskites (HIPs) have been developed in recent years as new high-efficiency semiconductors with a wide range of uses in various optoelectronic applications such as solar cells and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In this work, we used a first-principles theoretical study to investigate the effects of phase transition on the electronic and optical properties of CsPbI₃ pure inorganic perovskites. The results showed that at temperatures over 300 °C, the structure of CsPbI₃ exhibits a cube phase (pm3m) with no tilt of PbI₆ octahedra (distortion index = 0 and bond angle variance = 0). As the temperature decreases (approximately to room temperature), the PbI₆ octahedra is tilted, and the distortion index and bond angle variance increase. Around room temperature, the CsPbI₃ structure enters an orthorhombic phase with two tilts PbI₆ octahedra. It was found that changing the halogens in all structures reduces the volume of PbI₆ octahedra. The tilted PbI₆ octahedra causes the distribution of interactions to vary drastically, which leads to a change in band gap energy. This is the main reason for the red and blue shifts in the absorption spectrum of CsPbI₃. In general, it can be said that the origin of all changes in the structural, electronic, and optical properties of HIPs is the changes in the volume, orientation, and distortion index of PbI₆ octahedra. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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11 pages, 3289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecofriendly Ultrasonic Rust Removal: An Empirical Optimization Based on Response Surface Methodology

by Lijie Zhang, Bing He, Shengnan Wang, Guangcun Wang and Xiaoming Yuan

Coatings 2021, 11(9), 1127; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091127 - 16 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4231

Abstract

This study shows that the hard-to-remove rust layer on the guide sleeve surface of a used cylinder can be removed using a specially developed, environmentally friendly formula for cleaning rust. Furthermore, we studied the rust removal technology that is based on ultrasonic cavitation [...] Read more.

This study shows that the hard-to-remove rust layer on the guide sleeve surface of a used cylinder can be removed using a specially developed, environmentally friendly formula for cleaning rust. Furthermore, we studied the rust removal technology that is based on ultrasonic cavitation and chemical etching. The surface morphology and structural components of the rust layer were observed using an electron microscope and an X-ray powder diffractometer. These tools were used to explore the mechanism of combined rust removal. Using response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD), with the rust removal rate as our index of evaluation, data were analyzed to establish a response surface model that can determine the effect of cleaning temperature and ultrasonic power interaction on the rate of rust removal. Results showed that the main components of the rust layer on a 45 steel guide sleeve were α-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, and Fe₃O₄. The rust was unevenly distributed with a loose structure, which was easily corroded by chemical reagents and peeled off under ultrasonic cavitation. With the increase in the cleaning temperature, the chemical reaction effect was intensified, and the cleaning ability was enhanced. With the increase in ultrasonic power, the cavitation effect was aggravated, the ultrasonic agitation was enhanced, and the rust removal rate was improved. According to response surface analysis and the application scope of the rust remover, we determined that the optimal cleaning temperature is 55 °C, and that the optimal ultrasonic power is 2880 W. The descaling rate under these parameters is 0.15 g·min⁻¹·m⁻². Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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22 pages, 10559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fracture Toughness Analysis of Aluminum (Al) Foil and Its Adhesion with Low-Density Polyethylene (LPDE) in the Packing Industry

by Umer Sharif, Beibei Sun, Md Shafiqul Islam, Kashif Majeed, Dauda Sh. Ibrahim, Orelaja Oluseyi Adewale, Naseem Akhtar, Zaki Ismail Zaki and Zeinhom M. El-Bahy

Coatings 2021, 11(9), 1079; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091079 - 06 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2916

Abstract

Liquid food packages consist of various polymers films, which are bonded together with Aluminum foil (Al-foil) using adhesion or by direct heat. The main aim of this research was to define important material properties such as fracture toughness and some FE-simulation material model [...] Read more.

Liquid food packages consist of various polymers films, which are bonded together with Aluminum foil (Al-foil) using adhesion or by direct heat. The main aim of this research was to define important material properties such as fracture toughness and some FE-simulation material model parameters such as damage initiation, damage evolution, and the adhesion between Al-foil and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film. This investigation is based on both physical experiments and FE simulations in ABAQUS with and without initial cracks of different lengths for comparison purposes. The final FE model in ABAQUS was used to compare the numerical input parameters in an extensive study with the ambition to investigate the materials’ parameters in cases with or without adhesion between laminates. Finally, the relation between the theoretical and experimental results for Al-foil using linear elastic fracture mechanics and modified strip yield model were shown, and the fracture toughness was calculated for two different thicknesses of Al-foil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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11 pages, 2474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyvinyl Alcohol and Nano-Clay Based Solution Processed Packaging Coatings

by Ali Dad Chandio, Iftikhar Ahmed Channa, Muhammad Rizwan, Shakeel Akram, Muhammad Sufyan Javed, Sajid Hussain Siyal, Muhammad Saleem, Muhammad Atif Makhdoom, Tayyaba Ashfaq, Safia Khan, Shahid Hussain, Munirah D. Albaqami and Reham Ghazi Alotabi

Coatings 2021, 11(8), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080942 - 06 Aug 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4452

Abstract

Cost-effective, clean, highly transparent, and flexible as well as a coatable packaging material is envisioned to solve or at least mitigate quality preservation issues of organic materials, originating from moisture interaction under ambient conditions. Liquid phase processing of packaging coatings using nano-clay and [...] Read more.

Cost-effective, clean, highly transparent, and flexible as well as a coatable packaging material is envisioned to solve or at least mitigate quality preservation issues of organic materials, originating from moisture interaction under ambient conditions. Liquid phase processing of packaging coatings using nano-clay and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) has been developed and reported. Detailed analysis of the developed coating revealed moisture permeability of 2.8 × 10⁻² g·cm/m²·day at 40 °C and 85% relative humidity (RH), which is in close accordance with Bharadwaj’s theoretical permeability model. Moreover, the developed coatings are not only more than 90% transparent, when exposed to white light, but also exhibit excellent flexibility and even after going through 10,000 bending cycles maintained the same blocking effect against moisture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

24 pages, 9528 KiB

Open AccessReview

Oxidation Protection of High-Temperature Coatings on the Surface of Mo-Based Alloys—A Review

by Tao Fu, Fuqiang Shen, Yingyi Zhang, Laihao Yu, Kunkun Cui, Jie Wang and Xu Zhang

Coatings 2022, 12(2), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020141 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4139

Abstract

Molybdenum and its alloys, with high melting points, excellent corrosion resistance and high temperature creep resistance, are a vital high-temperature structural material. However, the poor oxidation resistance at high temperatures is a major barrier to their application. This work provides a summary of [...] Read more.

Molybdenum and its alloys, with high melting points, excellent corrosion resistance and high temperature creep resistance, are a vital high-temperature structural material. However, the poor oxidation resistance at high temperatures is a major barrier to their application. This work provides a summary of surface modification techniques for Mo and its alloys under high-temperature aerobic conditions of nearly half a century, including slurry sintering technology, plasma spraying technology, chemical vapor deposition technology, and liquid phase deposition technology. The microstructure and oxidation behavior of various coatings were analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of various processes were compared, and the key measures to improve oxidation resistance of coatings were also outlined. The future research direction in this field is set out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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18 pages, 12543 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Carbide Reinforced TiC-Based Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics: A Review

by Haobo Mao, Fuqiang Shen, Yingyi Zhang, Jie Wang, Kunkun Cui, Hong Wang, Tao Lv, Tao Fu and Tianbiao Tan

Coatings 2021, 11(12), 1444; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121444 - 24 Nov 2021

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 3988

Abstract

TiC ceramics have become one of the most potential ultra-high temperature structural materials, because of its high melting point, low density, and low price. However, the poor mechanical properties seriously limit its development and application. In this work, this review follows PRISMA standards, [...] Read more.

TiC ceramics have become one of the most potential ultra-high temperature structural materials, because of its high melting point, low density, and low price. However, the poor mechanical properties seriously limit its development and application. In this work, this review follows PRISMA standards, the mechanism of the second phase (particles, whiskers, and carbon nanotubes) reinforced TiC ceramics was reviewed. In addition, the effects of the second phase on the microstructure, phase composition and mechanical properties of TiC ceramics were systematically studied. The addition of carbon black effectively eliminates the residual TiO₂ in the matrix, and the bending strength of the matrix is effectively improved by the strengthening bond formed between TiC; SiC particles effectively inhibit the grain growth through pinning, the obvious crack deflection phenomenon is found in the micrograph; The smaller grain size of WC plays a dispersion strengthening role in the matrix and makes the matrix uniformly refined, and the addition of WC forms (Ti, W) C solid solution, WC has a solid solution strengthening effect on the matrix; SiC whiskers effectively improve the fracture toughness of the matrix through bridging and pulling out, the microscopic diagram and mechanism diagram of SiC whisker action process are shown in this paper. The effect of new material carbon nanotubes on the matrix is also discussed; the bridging effect of CNTs can effectively improve the strength of the matrix, during sintering, some CNTs were partially expanded into GNR, in the process of crack bridging and propagation, more fracture energy is consumed by flake GNR. Finally, the existing problems of TiC-based composites are pointed out, and the future development direction is prospected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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17 pages, 96274 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microstructure and Oxidation Behavior of Nb-Si-Based Alloys for Ultrahigh Temperature Applications: A Comprehensive Review

by Fuqiang Shen, Yingyi Zhang, Laihao Yu, Tao Fu, Jie Wang, Hong Wang and Kunkun Cui

Coatings 2021, 11(11), 1373; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111373 - 09 Nov 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2837

Abstract

Nb-Si-based superalloys are considered as the most promising high-temperature structural material to replace the Ni-based superalloys. Unfortunately, the poor oxidation resistance is still a major obstacle to the application of Nb-Si-based alloys. Alloying is a promising method to overcome this problem. In this [...] Read more.

Nb-Si-based superalloys are considered as the most promising high-temperature structural material to replace the Ni-based superalloys. Unfortunately, the poor oxidation resistance is still a major obstacle to the application of Nb-Si-based alloys. Alloying is a promising method to overcome this problem. In this work, the effects of Hf, Cr, Zr, B, and V on the oxidation resistance of Nb-Si-based superalloys were discussed. Furthermore, the microstructure, phase composition, and oxidation characteristics of Nb-Si series alloys were analyzed. The oxidation reaction and failure mechanism of Nb-Si-based alloys were summarized. The significance of this work is to provide some references for further research on high-temperature niobium alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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23 pages, 8781 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microstructure and Oxidation Behavior of Metal-Modified Mo-Si-B Alloys: A Review

by Laihao Yu, Fuqiang Shen, Tao Fu, Yingyi Zhang, Kunkun Cui, Jie Wang and Xu Zhang

Coatings 2021, 11(10), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11101256 - 15 Oct 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2260

Abstract

With the rapid development of the nuclear industry and the aerospace field, it is urgent to develop structural materials that can work in ultra-high temperature environments to replace nickel-based alloys. Mo-Si-B alloys are considered to have the most potential for new ultra-high temperature [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of the nuclear industry and the aerospace field, it is urgent to develop structural materials that can work in ultra-high temperature environments to replace nickel-based alloys. Mo-Si-B alloys are considered to have the most potential for new ultra-high temperature structural material and are favored by researchers. However, the medium-low temperature oxidizability of Mo-Si-B alloys limits their further application. Therefore, this study carried out extensive research and pointed out that alloying is an effective way to solve this problem. This work provided a comprehensive review for the microstructure and oxidation resistance of low silicon and high silicon Mo-Si-B alloys. Moreover, the influence of metallic elements on the microstructure, phase compositions, oxidation kinetics and behavior of Mo-Si-B alloys were also studied systematically. Finally, the modification mechanism of metallic elements was summarized in order to obtain Mo-Si-B alloys with superior oxidation performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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20 pages, 9112 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Rare Earth Elements Enhanced the Oxidation Resistance of Mo-Si-Based Alloys for High Temperature Application: A Review

by Laihao Yu, Yingyi Zhang, Tao Fu, Jie Wang, Kunkun Cui and Fuqiang Shen

Coatings 2021, 11(9), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091144 - 21 Sep 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3342

Abstract

Traditional refractory materials such as nickel-based superalloys have been gradually unable to meet the performance requirements of advanced materials. The Mo-Si-based alloy, as a new type of high temperature structural material, has entered the vision of researchers due to its charming high temperature [...] Read more.

Traditional refractory materials such as nickel-based superalloys have been gradually unable to meet the performance requirements of advanced materials. The Mo-Si-based alloy, as a new type of high temperature structural material, has entered the vision of researchers due to its charming high temperature performance characteristics. However, its easy oxidation and even “pesting oxidation” at medium temperatures limit its further applications. In order to solve this problem, researchers have conducted large numbers of experiments and made breakthrough achievements. Based on these research results, the effects of rare earth elements like La, Hf, Ce and Y on the microstructure and oxidation behavior of Mo-Si-based alloys were systematically reviewed in the current work. Meanwhile, this paper also provided an analysis about the strengthening mechanism of rare earth elements on the oxidation behavior for Mo-Si-based alloys after discussing the oxidation process. It is shown that adding rare earth elements, on the one hand, can optimize the microstructure of the alloy, thus promoting the rapid formation of protective SiO₂ scale. On the other hand, it can act as a diffusion barrier by producing stable rare earth oxides or additional protective films, which significantly enhances the oxidation resistance of the alloy. Furthermore, the research focus about the oxidation protection of Mo-Si-based alloys in the future was prospected to expand the application field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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11 pages, 3261 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microstructure and Oxidation Behavior of Anti-Oxidation Coatings on Mo-Based Alloys through HAPC Process: A Review

by Tao Fu, Kunkun Cui, Yingyi Zhang, Jie Wang, Xu Zhang, Fuqiang Shen, Laihao Yu and Haobo Mao

Coatings 2021, 11(8), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080883 - 23 Jul 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2638

Abstract

Mo and Mo-based alloys are important aerospace materials with excellent high temperature mechanical properties. However, their oxidation resistance is very poor at high temperature, and the formation of volatile MoO₃ will lead to catastrophic oxidation failure of molybdenum alloy components. Extensive research [...] Read more.

Mo and Mo-based alloys are important aerospace materials with excellent high temperature mechanical properties. However, their oxidation resistance is very poor at high temperature, and the formation of volatile MoO₃ will lead to catastrophic oxidation failure of molybdenum alloy components. Extensive research on the poor oxidation problem has indicated that the halide activated pack cementation (HAPC) technology is an ideal method to solve the problem. In this work, the microstructure, oxide growth mechanism, oxidation characteristics, and oxidation mechanism of the HAPC coatings were summarized and analyzed. In addition, the merits and demerits of HPAC techniques are critically examined and the future scope of research in the domain is outlined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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17 pages, 6944 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Protection, Challenge, and Prospect of Anti-Oxidation Coating on the Surface of Niobium Alloy

by Xu Zhang, Tao Fu, Kunkun Cui, Yingyi Zhang, Fuqiang Shen, Jie Wang, Laihao Yu and Haobo Mao

Coatings 2021, 11(7), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070742 - 22 Jun 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3951

Abstract

Niobium (Nb)-based alloys have been extensively used in the aerospace field owing to their excellent high-temperature mechanical properties. However, the inferior oxidation resistance severely limits the application of Nb-based alloys in a high-temperature, oxygen-enriched environment. Related scholars have extensively studied the oxidation protection [...] Read more.

Niobium (Nb)-based alloys have been extensively used in the aerospace field owing to their excellent high-temperature mechanical properties. However, the inferior oxidation resistance severely limits the application of Nb-based alloys in a high-temperature, oxygen-enriched environment. Related scholars have extensively studied the oxidation protection of niobium alloy and pointed out that surface coating technology is ideal for solving this problem. Based on the different preparation methods of Nb-based alloys’ surface coatings, this article summarizes the relevant research of domestic and foreign scholars in the past 30 years, including the slurry sintering method (SS), suspension plasma spraying method (SPS), and halide activated pack cementation method (HAPC), etc. The growth mechanism and micromorphology of the coatings access by different preparation methods are evaluated. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of various coating oxidation characteristics and coating preparation approaches are summarized. Finally, the coating’s oxidation behavior and failure mechanism are summarized and analyzed, aiming to provide valuable research references in related fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening, Corrosion and Protection of High Temperature Structural Materials)

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