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Coatings
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Microencapsulation Technologies and Applications in Coatings and Films
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Microencapsulation Technologies and Applications in Coatings and Films

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Bioactive Coatings and Biointerfaces".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 April 2022) | Viewed by 20859

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Bojana Boh Podgornik

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Snežniška 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Interests: microencapsulation technologies and applications; chemistry of natural products; scientific and technical informatics; information literacy; e-learning

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We would like to invite you to submit your work to this Special Issue on “Microencapsulation Technologies and Applications in Coatings and Films”. Microencapsulation is an intensive and dynamic research field with rapidly growing scientific publications and patented industrial inventions. Incorporation of microcapsules into products is used to enable added-value effects, such as prolonged release of active components, separation of reactive components, conversion from a liquid into a solid state, protection against environmental effects, prevention of volatility, locally limited activity, or taste/odor masking. Release mechanisms depend on applications and may be based on diffusion, breaking microcapsule wall by pressure, abrasion, dissolution, degradation by light, heat, enzymes, etc. In some applications, permanent enclosure of core material within microcapsules in the material is needed.

The focus of this Special Issue are microcapsules applied specifically in coatings and films. The aim is to present recent developments, challenges, and trends in microcapsule research, technologies, and formulations for coatings and films. Original research papers and critical review articles from leading groups around the world are welcome.

In particular, the topics of interest of this Special Issue include but are not limited to:

  • Innovative methods and technologies for producing microcapsules, microspheres or liposomes for applications in coatings and films;
  • Novel microcapsule formulations and methods of incorporating into functional coatings and films;
  • Characterization, analysis, and testing of microcapsules; release studies, evaluation of effectivity of microencapsulated active components in coatings and films;
  • Value-added/smart new products based on microencapsulated components in functional coatings and films, used in (but not limited to) agriculture, chemistry, corrosion, cosmetics, food, medicine, new materials, packaging, papers, pharmacy, textiles, and wood.

Prof. Dr. Bojana Boh Podgornik
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • microcapsules
  • coatings
  • films
  • technologies
  • applications
  • value-added products

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 4496 KiB  
Article
Patterned Printing of Fragrant Microcapsules to Cotton Fabric
by Barbara Golja and Petra Forte Tavčer
Coatings 2022, 12(5), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050593 - 26 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1659
Abstract
Microcapsules with fragrance in the core were used to produce a scented textile. The wall of microcapsules was based on a melamine-formaldehyde polymer while an essential oil was in the core. They were applied to cotton fabric using screen printing in two ways: [...] Read more.
Microcapsules with fragrance in the core were used to produce a scented textile. The wall of microcapsules was based on a melamine-formaldehyde polymer while an essential oil was in the core. They were applied to cotton fabric using screen printing in two ways: over the entire surface and by pattern. The properties of the differently printed samples were analyzed. The fragrance evaluation was performed, mechanical properties were studied, antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherihia coli was evaluated, and resistance of the samples to soil microorganisms was determined. The amount of formaldehyde on the samples was measured. The results showed that all samples kept the fragrance even after 10 washes. The mechanical properties of the fully printed fabric were different from the properties of the patterned fabric. None of the prints of scented microcapsules provided antibacterial activity. All samples were biodegradable. Less formaldehyde was measured on patterned samples than on fully printed samples. The amount decreased after washing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microencapsulation Technologies and Applications in Coatings and Films)
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16 pages, 7215 KiB  
Article
Application of Fragrance Microcapsules onto Cotton Fabric after Treatment with Oxygen and Nitrogen Plasma
by Mateja Kert, Petra Forte Tavčer, Aleš Hladnik, Kosta Spasić, Nevena Puač, Zoran Lj. Petrović and Marija Gorjanc
Coatings 2021, 11(10), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11101181 - 28 Sep 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3098
Abstract
Cotton fabric was exposed to low-pressure capacitively coupled plasma to enhance the adsorption and adhesion of fragrance microcapsules (FCM). Two plasma-forming gases, namely oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2), were investigated. The untreated and plasma-treated samples were investigated for their [...] Read more.
Cotton fabric was exposed to low-pressure capacitively coupled plasma to enhance the adsorption and adhesion of fragrance microcapsules (FCM). Two plasma-forming gases, namely oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2), were investigated. The untreated and plasma-treated samples were investigated for their morphological changes by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical properties (breaking force, elongation, and flexural rigidity), and wicking properties. The cotton samples were functionalized with FCM and the effect of plasma pretreatment on the adsorption and adhesion of FCM was evaluated using SEM, air permeability, fragrance intensity of unwashed and washed cotton fabrics, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the plasma containing either of the two gases increased the wicking of the cotton fabric and that the O2 plasma caused a slight etching of the fibers, which increased the tensile strength of the cotton fabric. Both plasma gases caused changes that allowed higher adsorption of FCM. However, the adhesion of FCM was higher on the cotton treated with N2 plasma, as evidenced by a strong fragrance of the functionalized fabric after repeated washing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microencapsulation Technologies and Applications in Coatings and Films)
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11 pages, 924 KiB  
Article
Encapsulation of Curcumin in Persian Gum Nanoparticles: An Assessment of Physicochemical, Sensory, and Nutritional Properties
by Arash Ershadi, Karim Parastouei, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Zahra Hadian and Jose M. Lorenzo
Coatings 2021, 11(7), 841; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070841 - 13 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2349
Abstract
Curcumin is the hydrophobic yellow pigment in turmeric with considerable health-promoting effects. However, its low water solubility and stability limit its application. In the current study, curcumin within Persian gum (PG) nanoparticles at 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% PG concentrations were encapsulated. The size [...] Read more.
Curcumin is the hydrophobic yellow pigment in turmeric with considerable health-promoting effects. However, its low water solubility and stability limit its application. In the current study, curcumin within Persian gum (PG) nanoparticles at 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% PG concentrations were encapsulated. The size of the nanoparticles was in the range of 326.0–397.4 nm. Based on the TEM images of curcumin-loaded nanoparticles, all samples had a spherical shape and existed in a particular form without aggregation. Encapsulation efficiency was in the range of 86.0–94.0%. Increasing PG concentration enhanced the encapsulation efficiency of curcumin. PG nanoparticles provided good protection on curcumin against light, hydrogen peroxide, and acidic pH. The lowest stability was related to free curcumin, and the highest was related to PG nanoparticles at 1.5% concentration. Curcumin-loaded nanoparticles at 1.5% concentration were added to kefir at 1%, 2%, and 3% concentrations. No significant differences were observed between acidity, pH, apparent viscosity, and consistency index of fortified and unfortified kefir samples. All kefir samples showed non-Newtonian behavior. Feeding rats with fortified kefir samples caused a lower level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG) compared to feeding with a standard diet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microencapsulation Technologies and Applications in Coatings and Films)
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18 pages, 56792 KiB  
Article
Effect of Shellac Waterborne Coating Microcapsules on the Optical, Mechanical and Self-Healing Properties of Waterborne Primer on Tilia europaea L. Wood
by Xiaoxing Yan, Yu Tao and Yijuan Chang
Coatings 2021, 11(7), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070785 - 30 Jun 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1853
Abstract
Microcapsules of melamine formaldehyde-coated shellac and waterborne coating were prepared by in situ polymerization at 400, 600, 800 and 1000 rpm. The microcapsules prepared at four different stirring rates were added into the waterborne primer at a concentration of 5.0%, 10.0%, 15.0%, 20.0% [...] Read more.
Microcapsules of melamine formaldehyde-coated shellac and waterborne coating were prepared by in situ polymerization at 400, 600, 800 and 1000 rpm. The microcapsules prepared at four different stirring rates were added into the waterborne primer at a concentration of 5.0%, 10.0%, 15.0%, 20.0% and 25.0%. The effects of microcapsules prepared at different stirring rates and the concentration of microcapsules added into the paint film on the optical, mechanical and liquid resistance properties of the paint film were investigated. The results showed that the comprehensive performance of Tilia europaea L. waterborne primer film was the best when the concentration of microcapsules obtained at 600 rpm was 5.0%. On this basis, the aging resistance and self-healing performance of waterborne primer film on Tilia europaea L. with the best comprehensive performance were explored to lay the foundation for optimizing the preparation process of self-healing coating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microencapsulation Technologies and Applications in Coatings and Films)
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18 pages, 3672 KiB  
Article
Microencapsulation of Cannabidiol in Liposomes as Coating for Cellulose for Potential Advanced Sanitary Material
by Julija Volmajer Valh, Zdenka Peršin, Bojana Vončina, Kaja Vrezner, Lidija Tušek and Lidija Fras Zemljič
Coatings 2021, 11(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11010003 - 22 Dec 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4339
Abstract
The microencapsulation of the cannabidiol and its integration into the tampon can eliminate vaginal inflammation, which at the same time lead to relaxation of the abdominal muscles. The tampon, which contains the active substance cannabidiol (CBD), was developed as an advanced fibrous composite [...] Read more.
The microencapsulation of the cannabidiol and its integration into the tampon can eliminate vaginal inflammation, which at the same time lead to relaxation of the abdominal muscles. The tampon, which contains the active substance cannabidiol (CBD), was developed as an advanced fibrous composite for sanitary application. The active substances were microencapsulated, and, as a carrier, liposomes micro/nano capsules were used. The CBD liposome formulation was analyzed by particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency. Particle size of the CBD liposome liquid formulation was increased by 19%, compared to the liposome liquid formulation and the encapsulation efficiency of CBD in liposome particles, which was 90%. The CBD liposome formulation was applied to cellulose material. The composition of the fibrous composite material was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the fiber morphology was analyzed by scanning electron spectroscopy, while the bioactive properties were assessed by antioxidant efficiency, antimicrobial properties, and desorption kinetics. CBD liposome functionalized tampons have both antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Antimicrobial properties were more pronounced against Gram-positive bacteria. The desorption kinetics of the CBD liposome immobilized on the surface of the composite material was studied using antioxidant activity in the desorption bath. The prepared CBD liposome functionalized tampon additionally shows higher biodegradability compared to references. This high-quality, biodegradable sanitary material based on microencapsulated CBD components as a functional coating provides a platform for many different applications besides medical textiles, also for packaging, pharmaceuticals, paper and wood-based materials, etc. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microencapsulation Technologies and Applications in Coatings and Films)
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Review

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30 pages, 9542 KiB  
Review
Microencapsulation for Functional Textile Coatings with Emphasis on Biodegradability—A Systematic Review
by Bojana Boh Podgornik, Stipana Šandrić and Mateja Kert
Coatings 2021, 11(11), 1371; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111371 - 09 Nov 2021
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6623
Abstract
The review provides an overview of research findings on microencapsulation for functional textile coatings. Methods for the preparation of microcapsules in textiles include in situ and interfacial polymerization, simple and complex coacervation, molecular inclusion and solvent evaporation from emulsions. Binders play a crucial [...] Read more.
The review provides an overview of research findings on microencapsulation for functional textile coatings. Methods for the preparation of microcapsules in textiles include in situ and interfacial polymerization, simple and complex coacervation, molecular inclusion and solvent evaporation from emulsions. Binders play a crucial role in coating formulations. Acrylic and polyurethane binders are commonly used in textile finishing, while organic acids and catalysts can be used for chemical grafting as crosslinkers between microcapsules and cotton fibres. Most of the conventional coating processes can be used for microcapsule-containing coatings, provided that the properties of the microcapsules are appropriate. There are standardised test methods available to evaluate the characteristics and washfastness of coated textiles. Among the functional textiles, the field of environmentally friendly biodegradable textiles with microcapsules is still at an early stage of development. So far, some physicochemical and physical microencapsulation methods using natural polymers or biodegradable synthetic polymers have been applied to produce environmentally friendly antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory or fragranced textiles. Standardised test methods for evaluating the biodegradability of textile materials are available. The stability of biodegradable microcapsules and the durability of coatings during the use and care of textiles still present several challenges that offer many opportunities for further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microencapsulation Technologies and Applications in Coatings and Films)
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