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Advances in Research on Molecular Oral Microorganisms

A special issue of Current Issues in Molecular Biology (ISSN 1467-3045). This special issue belongs to the section "Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 19961

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Dario Di Nardo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University, University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
Interests: endodontics; prosthodontics; CBCT; dental imaging; endodontic surgery; MRI
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Shankargouda Patil

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA
Interests: oral pathology; oral biology; oral cancer; oral medicine; stem cells
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is with great zest and pleasure that we invite researchers to contribute to our latest special issue titled “Advances in research on molecular oral microorganisms”. The intended purpose of this special issue is to enlighten the readers on latest concepts and innovations with regard to oral microbiology.

It is well known that the oral cavity is composed of several ecological niches that house diverse species of commensals and pathogenic bacteria. It has been demonstrated that a drop of saliva has about 300 million bacteria which are all living and viable. In this  scenario, it is quite intriguing to understand how the host defense mechanisms work to prevent oral diseases. It is also interesting to investigate how the host defense mechanisms fail in their battle with the bacteria in the due course leading to the diseased state. It is noteworthy that many prevalent oral diseases are microbial in etiology. Dental caries, root canal infections, gingivitis, periodontitis, peri implant pathologies are all bacterial driven disease conditions where microbial dysbiosis emanating from a biofilm environment plays a major causative role. In addition to these above mentioned diseases, bacteria, fungi and viruses also play a major role in the pathogenesis of oral cancer and premalignant oral lesions. Several other viral, fungal and parasitic lesions of the oral cavity have also been documented and are being researched. In fact, the most recent SARS -C0v-2 pandemic has also manifested itself in a few individuals presenting with oral lesions.

With the current innovations and progress in oral microbiome research happening world over, we invite researchers to make their contributions to this special in the form of original articles, systematic reviews and brief communications in order to enrich the knowledge of readers with regard to latest concepts in oral microbiome research,  diagnostic and treatment strategies of various oral infections of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic origin.

Dr. Dario Di Nardo
Dr. Shankargouda Patil
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Current Issues in Molecular Biology is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Oral microflora
  • Microbial genomics
  • Biofilm
  • Microbial ecology
  • Periodontal pathogens
  • Root canal infections
  • Focal sepsis
  • Oral cancer
  • Oral premalignant lesions
  • Viruses
  • Opportunisitic pathogens
  • SARS-COv-2
  • Antibiotics
  • Antimicrobial therapy
  • Antibiotic resistance
  • Multidrug resistance genes
  • Probiotics

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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8 pages, 2599 KiB  
Article
Prophylaxis of Antifungal Drugs against Systemic Fungemia induced by Oral Candidiasis in Mice
by Kazunori Ninomiya, Hiroki Katagiri, Hajime Hara, Kayoko Fukui, Maiko Haga-Tsujimura, Ken Nakahara and Kenjirou Nakamura
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(2), 1306-1313; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45020085 - 04 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1106
Abstract
Oral mucositis is highly prevalent among the elderly, for whom oral care is often difficult. Oral mucositis, such as candidiasis, can induce systemic fungemia. Antifungal prophylaxis may be useful in such cases to prevent systemic fungemia; however, studies on this are limited. The [...] Read more.
Oral mucositis is highly prevalent among the elderly, for whom oral care is often difficult. Oral mucositis, such as candidiasis, can induce systemic fungemia. Antifungal prophylaxis may be useful in such cases to prevent systemic fungemia; however, studies on this are limited. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of antifungal prophylaxis to prevent systemic Candida dissemination compared to oral care using a mice model. Oral candidiasis was induced using chemotherapy and inoculation with C. albicans in 8-week-old male mice. Group A was given oral care, Group B was orally administered an antifungal drug, Group C was intravenously administered an antifungal drug, and Group D was used as the negative control group. Macroscopic features of the tongue surface, colony forming units (CFU) on the tongue, and blood culture for C. albicans were evaluated. CFU was significantly higher in Group A than in Groups B and C. The oral care group, but not the groups administered antifungal agents, showed significantly higher positive numbers of animals with C. albicans in the blood as compared to the control group, indicating the effectiveness of antifungal prophylaxis over oral care. Antifungal prophylaxis may be an option for the prevention of systemic fungemia in individuals with difficulty in oral care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Molecular Oral Microorganisms)
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17 pages, 4527 KiB  
Article
Magnolia kobus Extract Inhibits Periodontitis-Inducing Mediators in Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide-Activated RAW 264.7 Cells
by Hae-Jin Lee, So-Jung Lee, Sung-Kwon Lee, Bong-Keun Choi and Dong-Ryung Lee
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(1), 538-554; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45010036 - 06 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1654
Abstract
Periodontitis, a disease caused by inflammation of oral bacteria, contributes to the loss of alveolar bone and destruction of connective tissues. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative bacterium, is known to possess important pathogenic factors for periodontal disease. In this study, we investigated the [...] Read more.
Periodontitis, a disease caused by inflammation of oral bacteria, contributes to the loss of alveolar bone and destruction of connective tissues. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative bacterium, is known to possess important pathogenic factors for periodontal disease. In this study, we investigated the anti-periodontitis effects of Magnolia kobus extract (MKE) and magnolin as a component of Magnolia kobus (MK) in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Effects of MKE and magnolin on the mechanism of RAW 264.7 cellular inflammation were determined by analyzing nitric oxide (NO) production and Western blot protein expression (n = 3). MKE/magnolin inhibited NO production without affecting cell survival. MKE/magnolin treatment inhibited LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs such as MMP-1, 3, 8, 9, and 13), and protein levels of inflammatory mediators (such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and mPGES-1). MKE/magnolin also suppressed NF-κB activation by inhibiting the TLR4 signaling pathway. These findings suggest that MKE has a therapeutic effect on inflammatory periodontal disease caused by oral bacterium P. gingivalis and that magnolin is a major functional component in the anti-inflammatory effect of MKE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Molecular Oral Microorganisms)
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8 pages, 663 KiB  
Article
Oral Cavity Calprotectin and Lactoferrin Levels in Relation to Radiotherapy
by Mutlu Keskin, Jenna Kompuinen, İlknur Harmankaya, Didem Karaçetin, Verneri Nissilä, Mervi Gürsoy, Timo Sorsa and Ulvi Kahraman Gürsoy
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2022, 44(10), 4439-4446; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44100304 - 26 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1698
Abstract
Background: Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein, and calprotectin, a calcium binding protein, are sensitive markers of inflammation and their fecal levels increase during radiotherapy of prostate cancer patients. With this background, we analyzed mouthrinse calprotectin and lactoferrin levels of head- and neck-cancer patients before, [...] Read more.
Background: Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein, and calprotectin, a calcium binding protein, are sensitive markers of inflammation and their fecal levels increase during radiotherapy of prostate cancer patients. With this background, we analyzed mouthrinse calprotectin and lactoferrin levels of head- and neck-cancer patients before, during and after radiotherapy. Methods: Twenty cancer patients (mean age 55.85 ± 15.01, 80% male), who had been planned to undergo radiotherapy to the head and neck area, were included in this study. Mouthrinse samples were collected before radiotherapy, at the 3rd and 6th weeks of radiotherapy and 4 weeks after the radiotherapy. Mouthrinse samples were analyzed for calprotectin and lactoferrin using commercial ELISA kits. Results: Calprotectin levels increased significantly during radiotherapy (p = 0.022). Both markers, lactoferrin (p = 0.011) and calprotectin (p = 0.006), decreased significantly after the treatment. Conclusions: Present study results may suggest that the elevations in calprotectin and lactoferrin levels during radiotherapy reflect the increased and emerging inflammatory environment in the oral cavity, thus may increase the risk of periodontal disease initiation or progression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Molecular Oral Microorganisms)
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15 pages, 1044 KiB  
Article
Ulcerative Colitis Seems to Imply Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis
by Natalia Molinero, Diego Taladrid, Irene Zorraquín-Peña, Miguel de Celis, Ignacio Belda, Alex Mira, Begoña Bartolomé and M. Victoria Moreno-Arribas
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2022, 44(4), 1513-1527; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44040103 - 30 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3110
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a recurrent pathology of complex etiology that has been occasionally associated with oral lesions, but the overall composition of the oral microbiome in UC patients and its role in the pathogenesis of the disease are still poorly understood. In [...] Read more.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a recurrent pathology of complex etiology that has been occasionally associated with oral lesions, but the overall composition of the oral microbiome in UC patients and its role in the pathogenesis of the disease are still poorly understood. In this study, the oral microbiome of UC patients and healthy individuals was compared to ascertain the possible changes in the oral microbial communities associated with UC. For this, the salivary microbiota of 10 patients diagnosed with an active phase of UC and 11 healthy controls was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (trial ref. ISRCTN39987). Metataxonomic analysis revealed a decrease in the alpha diversity and an imbalance in the relative proportions of some key members of the oral core microbiome in UC patients. Additionally, Staphylococcus members and four differential species or phylotypes were only present in UC patients, not being detected in healthy subjects. This study provides a global snapshot of the existence of oral dysbiosis associated with UC, and the possible presence of potential oral biomarkers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Molecular Oral Microorganisms)
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14 pages, 532 KiB  
Article
Role of Periodontal Bacteria, Viruses, and Placental mir155 in Chronic Periodontitis and Preeclampsia—A Genetic Microbiological Study
by Jaideep Mahendra, Little Mahendra, Maryam H. Mugri, Mohammed E. Sayed, Shilpa Bhandi, Rahaf Turki Alshahrani, Thodur Madapusi Balaji, Saranya Varadarajan, Swetha Tanneeru, Abirami Nayaki Rao P., Sruthi Srinivasan, Rodolfo Reda, Luca Testarelli and Shankargouda Patil
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2021, 43(2), 831-844; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb43020060 - 29 Jul 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3230
Abstract
Previous studies assessed the involvement and impact of periodontal bacteria in preeclamptic women with chronic periodontitis. To explore further, the current study aimed to associate periodontal viruses and bacteria with mir155 levels in placental tissues of preeclamptic women with generalized chronic periodontitis. Four-hundred [...] Read more.
Previous studies assessed the involvement and impact of periodontal bacteria in preeclamptic women with chronic periodontitis. To explore further, the current study aimed to associate periodontal viruses and bacteria with mir155 levels in placental tissues of preeclamptic women with generalized chronic periodontitis. Four-hundred 45 pregnant women, 18–35 years of age, were selected and divided into four groups (controls, A, B, and C) where the Controls included 145 systemically and periodontally healthy pregnant women Group A-100 systemically healthy pregnant women with chronic periodontitis, Group B- 100 preeclamptic women with chronic periodontitis, Group C- 100 preeclamptic women without chronic periodontitis. Age, BMI, SES, and periodontal parameters such as PI, BOP, PPD, and CAL were noted. Periodontal pathogens such as Tf, Td, Pg, Pi, Fn, HSV, EBV, and HCMV were tested in subgingival plaque, placental tissues, and mir155. We observed that PI, BOP, PPD, CAL, Tf, and EBV were highly significant in Group B. We found a higher number of periodontal bacteria, viruses, and mir 155 in Group B showing a higher risk of preeclampsia. More genetic studies in this field are advised to ascertain the role of periodontopathogens and mir 155 in preeclampsia and periodontal inflammation. What is already known on this subject? Periodontal diseases pose an increased risk of developing preeclampsia and delivering preterm and/or low-birth-weight babies. What do the results of this study add? Periodontal variables such as PI, pocket depth, BOP, and clinical attachment levels, were found to be increased in the preeclamptic women with chronic periodontitis. The significant difference was seen in the relative fold expression of mir155 with higher gene expression of mir155 in groups B and A as compared to group C and controls. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? In our study, mir155 correlation with the periodontal parameters and periodontal pathogens further strengthen the evidence of periodontal inflammation as a risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women especially when associated with chronic periodontitis. mir155 can be considered to be one of the genetic biomarkers and can be used as a diagnostic tool for the early detection of PE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Molecular Oral Microorganisms)
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12 pages, 1112 KiB  
Article
Microbial Screening Reveals Oral Site-Specific Locations of the Periodontal Pathogen Selenomonas noxia
by Jaydene McDaniel, Steven McDaniel, Beanca Jhanine Samiano, Matthew Marrujo, Karl Kingsley and Katherine M. Howard
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2021, 43(1), 353-364; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb43010029 - 12 Jun 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2745
Abstract
Introduction: Selenomonas noxia (SN) is an important periodontal pathogen, associated with gingivitis and periodontitis. Many studies have found associations between SN and indicators of poor health outcomes, such as smoking, low socioeconomic status and obesity. However, less is known about the prevalence of [...] Read more.
Introduction: Selenomonas noxia (SN) is an important periodontal pathogen, associated with gingivitis and periodontitis. Many studies have found associations between SN and indicators of poor health outcomes, such as smoking, low socioeconomic status and obesity. However, less is known about the prevalence of this organism and more specifically about other oral site-specific locations that may harbor this organism. Methods: Using an existing patient repository (n = 47) of DNA isolated from saliva and other oral sites (n = 235), including the dorsum of the tongue, lower lingual incisor, upper buccal molar and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), molecular screening for SN was performed. Screening results were analyzed for associations between demographic variables (age, sex, race/ethnicity) and clinical information (body mass index or BMI, presence of orthodontic brackets, primary/mixed/permanent dentition). Results: qPCR screening revealed a total of n = 62/235 sites or 26.3% harboring SN with saliva and GCF (either alone or in combination with one or more sites) most often observed (Saliva, n = 23/27 or 85.18%, GCF, n = 14/27 or 51%). Analysis of site-specific data revealed most positive results were found among saliva and GCF alone or in combination, with fewer positive results observed among the tongue (33.3%), lower lingual incisor (29.6%), and upper buccal molar (25.9%). No significant associations were found between demographic or clinical variables and presence of SN at any site. Conclusions: These results may be among the first to describe site-specific locations of S. noxia among various additional oral biofilm sites. These data may represent a significant advancement in our understanding of the sites and locations that harbor this organism, which may be important for our understanding of the prevalence and distribution of these organisms among patients of different ages undergoing different types of oral treatments, such as orthodontic treatment or therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Molecular Oral Microorganisms)
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11 pages, 1620 KiB  
Brief Report
Repeated Home-Applied Dual-Light Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy Can Reduce Plaque Burden, Inflammation, and aMMP-8 in Peri-Implant Disease—A Pilot Study
by Hanna Lähteenmäki, Tommi Pätilä, Ismo T. Räisänen, Esko Kankuri, Taina Tervahartiala and Timo Sorsa
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2022, 44(3), 1273-1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44030085 - 08 Mar 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4891
Abstract
Until now, in clinical dentistry, antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been restricted to in-office treatments, which hampers repeated applications. This pilot study tested the benefit of a commercially available Lumoral® device designed for regular periodontal dual-light aPDT treatment at home. Seven patients [...] Read more.
Until now, in clinical dentistry, antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been restricted to in-office treatments, which hampers repeated applications. This pilot study tested the benefit of a commercially available Lumoral® device designed for regular periodontal dual-light aPDT treatment at home. Seven patients with peri-implant disease applied dual-light aPDT daily in addition to their normal dental hygiene for four weeks. A single Lumoral® treatment includes an indocyanine green mouth rinse followed by 40 J/cm2 radiant exposure to a combination of 810 nm and 405 nm light. A point-of-care analysis of active-matrix metalloproteinase (aMMP-8), visible plaque index (VPI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and peri-implant pocket depth (PPD) measurements was performed on day 0, day 15, and day 30. Reductions in aMMP-8 (p = 0.047), VPI (p = 0.03), and BOP (p = 0.03) were observed, and PPD was measured as being 1 mm lower in the implant (p = ns). These results suggest a benefit of regular application of dual-light aPDT in peri-implantitis. Frequently repeated application can be a promising approach to diminishing the microbial burden and to lowering the tissue destructive proteolytic and inflammatory load around dental implants. Further studies in larger populations are warranted to show the long-term benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Molecular Oral Microorganisms)
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