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Advances in Childhood Diabetes
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Advances in Childhood Diabetes

A special issue of Children (ISSN 2227-9067). This special issue belongs to the section "Pediatric Endocrinology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 1 August 2024 | Viewed by 5208

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Zvi Laron

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petah Tikva 49292, Israel
Interests: growth; growth hormone; insulin-like growth factor (IGF’s) diabetes mellitus

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The incidence of type I autoimmune childhood diabetes is continuously increasing worldwide.

As genetic factors are stable, environmental factors, mainly viruses, have been implicated. The classic therapy with insulin has undergone many changes, from daily injections to pump delivery and a closed-loop artificial pancreas. As we are still missing an ideal treatment, early and late complications occur. The chronic character of this disease remains and no cure is in sight, causing psychosocial problems in parents and children.

Type 2 diabetes, related mainly to obesity, is also increasing in its incidence in both developed and underdeveloped countries.

Both types of diabetes have become public health problems, and research into the development of prevention interventions is urgently needed.

Prof. Dr. Zvi Laron
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Children is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • type 1 diabetes
  • childhood diabetes
  • etiology
  • viruses
  • epidemiology
  • insulin treatment
  • use of pumps for insulin delivery
  • glucose sensors
  • closed-loop system
  • diabetes complications
  • psychosocial problems
  • microbiome
  • growth
  • growth hormone
  • IGF-1
  • short stature
  • delayed puberty

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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9 pages, 1836 KiB  
Article
The COVID-19 Pandemic Increased the Incidence of New-Onset Type One Diabetes in Children
by Orit Blumenfeld, Mikhail Rozenshmidt, Idan Eini and Zvi Laron
Children 2024, 11(2), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020142 - 23 Jan 2024
Viewed by 908
Abstract
Background: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence rate of childhood type 1 diabetes (T1D) is controversial. Our aim was to analyze the incidence of new-onset T1D among children aged 0–17 before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel. Methods [...] Read more.
Background: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence rate of childhood type 1 diabetes (T1D) is controversial. Our aim was to analyze the incidence of new-onset T1D among children aged 0–17 before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel. Methods: Data obtained from the national T1D registry for children aged 0–17 were analyzed for the pre-pandemic (1997–2019) and pandemic (2020–2022) periods. In the pre-pandemic period, 7246 children with newly diagnosed T1D were compared with 1490 children diagnosed during the pandemic period. Results: T1D incidence significantly increased in the 0–17 age group from a mean of 12.9/105 (pre-pandemic) to 17.7/105 and 16.7/105 during the first two years of the pandemic (2020 and 2021, respectively) (p = 0.0001). Stratifying by age group (0–4, 5–9, 10–14, and 15–17) revealed a significant increase in the 5–9, 10–14, and 15–17 groups, both in 2020 (p = 0.0001) and in 2021 (p = 0.0001). The incidence rate in the 0–4 age group showed no change in the first year of the pandemic (2020) (p = 0.4). However, in the second year of the pandemic (2021), there was a significant increase from 6.3/105 in the pre-pandemic period to 9.1/105 (p = 0.001). Anti-COVID-19 vaccination in 2022 led to a significant decrease in the incidence rates in the 10–14 and 15–17 age groups (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02, respectively). Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a significant increase in the incidence of new-onset T1D in prepubertal and pubertal children. Anti-COVID-19 vaccination decreased the incidence rate significantly only in pubertal children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Childhood Diabetes)
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29 pages, 1602 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the DigiBete App, a Self-Management App for Type 1 Diabetes: Experiences of Young People, Families, and Healthcare Professionals
by Nicky Kime, Steve Zwolinsky and Andy Pringle
Children 2023, 10(12), 1933; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10121933 - 16 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1164
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a public health issue for children, young people, and families (CYPF) and requires innovative interventions. The DigiBete app is a self-management and educational app to help CYPF and healthcare professionals (HCPs) manage T1DM, featuring educational advice and resources [...] Read more.
Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a public health issue for children, young people, and families (CYPF) and requires innovative interventions. The DigiBete app is a self-management and educational app to help CYPF and healthcare professionals (HCPs) manage T1DM, featuring educational advice and resources such as guidance, quizzes, and educational and instructional videos on how to manage T1DM. To assess the impact and implementation of the app, the service-level evaluation deployed a mixed-methods design. App data were captured via the DigiBete platform and an online survey with a non-probability sample of HCPs (N = 178) and CYPF (N = 1165) = 1343. Overall, 55.7% (n = 512/919) of app users were female, and 4855 videos were viewed across the participating areas, with an average of 1213 videos per site (range 776–1679) and 4.4 videos per app user. The most popular videos were how to give a glucagon injection and “My Sick Day Rules”, which showed what to do when CYPF were unwell due to T1DM. Interviews (n = 63) were undertaken with 38 CYPF and 25 HCPs. The findings indicate that CYPF and HCPs found the app an essential tool in the management of T1DM. CYPF and HCPs felt the app provided a valuable educational resource in a central location that was invaluable in an emergency or unknown situation. The app was a trusted and bona-fide source of information that could be accessed at any time. HCPs validated DigiBete in helping CYPF to manage their T1DM. At the same time, the app saved HCPs’ service time and money and helped CYPF take back some of the control in managing their diabetes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Childhood Diabetes)
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Review

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14 pages, 319 KiB  
Review
Approaches to Measuring Beta Cell Reserve and Defining Partial Clinical Remission in Paediatric Type 1 Diabetes
by Elaine C. Kennedy and Colin P. Hawkes
Children 2024, 11(2), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020186 - 02 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1097
Abstract
Context: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the autoimmune T-cell mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insufficient insulin secretion. At the time of diagnosis of T1D, there is residual beta cell function that declines over the subsequent months to years. Recent [...] Read more.
Context: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the autoimmune T-cell mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insufficient insulin secretion. At the time of diagnosis of T1D, there is residual beta cell function that declines over the subsequent months to years. Recent interventions have been approved to preserve beta cell function in evolving T1D. Objective: The aim of this review is to summarise the approaches used to assess residual beta cell function in evolving T1D, and to highlight potential future directions. Methods: Studies including subjects aged 0 to 18 years were included in this review. The following search terms were used; “(type 1 diabetes) and (partial remission)” and “(type 1 diabetes) and (honeymoon)”. References of included studies were reviewed to determine if additional relevant studies were eligible. Results: There are numerous approaches to quantifying beta cell reserve in evolving T1D. These include c-peptide measurement after a mixed meal or glucagon stimuli, fasting c-peptide, the urinary c-peptide/creatinine ratio, insulin dose-adjusted haemoglobin A1c, and other clinical models to estimate beta cell function. Other biomarkers may have a role, including the proinsulin/c-peptide ratio, cytokines, and microRNA. Studies using thresholds to determine if residual beta cell function is present often differ in values used to define remission. Conclusions: As interventions are approved to preserve beta cell function, it will become increasingly necessary to quantify residual beta cell function in research and clinical contexts. In this report, we have highlighted the strengths and limitations of the current approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Childhood Diabetes)
12 pages, 1201 KiB  
Review
Pediatric Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome: A Comprehensive Approach to Diagnosis, Management, and Complications Utilizing Novel Summarizing Acronyms
by Naser Amin Zahran and Shaheen Jadidi
Children 2023, 10(11), 1773; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10111773 - 31 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1680
Abstract
This paper focuses on hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS), a unique hyperglycemic state requiring divergent diagnosis and treatment approaches from diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) despite some shared characteristics. We introduce the mnemonic DI-FF-ER-EN-CE-S to encapsulate unique HHS management and complications. ‘DI’ emphasizes the need to [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS), a unique hyperglycemic state requiring divergent diagnosis and treatment approaches from diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) despite some shared characteristics. We introduce the mnemonic DI-FF-ER-EN-CE-S to encapsulate unique HHS management and complications. ‘DI’ emphasizes the need to delay and decrease initial insulin therapy until serum glucose decline is managed by fluid resuscitation alone. ‘FF’ stresses the importance of double fluid replacement compared to DKA due to severe dehydration and ‘ER’ electrolyte replacement due to profound losses and imbalances. ‘EN’ denotes the potential for encephalopathy and the requirement for a controlled serum osmolality reduction. ‘CE’ indicates cerebral edema, a rare complication in HHS. ‘S’ signifies systemic multiorgan failure. We categorize the associated risks into three mnemonic groups: the 3Rs (renal failure, respiratory distress, rhabdomyolysis), the 3Hs (heart failure, hypercoagulation, hyperthermia), and AP (arrhythmias, pancreatitis) to facilitate awareness and screening of HHS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Childhood Diabetes)
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