Editorial

2 pages, 176 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

by Min Cheol Chang

Children 2022, 9(7), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9070954 - 25 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1410

Pediatric rehabilitation medicine is a discipline that enables children with acquired or congenital disabilities to reach their maximum physical, mental, social, occupational, and educational potential [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in Children)

Research

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17 pages, 9800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Foot Loading and Balance Behavior of Children with Motor Sensory Processing Disorder

by Lin Yu, Peimin Yu, Wei Liu, Zixiang Gao, Dong Sun, Qichang Mei, Justin Fernandez and Yaodong Gu

Children 2022, 9(3), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030379 - 09 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2437

Abstract

Sensory processing disorder (SPD) could influence the neuromuscular response and adjustment to external sensory discrimination and lead to disruptions in daily locomotion. The objective of the current study was to compare plantar loadings and foot balance during walking, running and turning activities in [...] Read more.

Sensory processing disorder (SPD) could influence the neuromuscular response and adjustment to external sensory discrimination and lead to disruptions in daily locomotion. The objective of the current study was to compare plantar loadings and foot balance during walking, running and turning activities in SPD children in order to reveal the behavioral strategy of movement and balance control. Six SPD children and six age-match healthy controls participated in the test using a FootScan plantar pressure plate. The time-varying parameters of forces, center of pressure and foot balance index were analyzed using an open-source one-dimensional Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM1d) package. No difference was found in foot balance and plantar loadings during walking, while limited supination–pronation motion was observed in the SPD children during running and turning. The plantar forces were mainly located in the midfoot region while less toe activity was found as well. Findings should be noted that SPD children had limited supination–pronation movement for shock attenuation in the foot complex and reduced ankle pronation to assist push-off and toe gripping movements. Understanding the behavior of plantar loading strategy and balance control during walking, running and turning activities may provide clinical implications for the rehabilitation and training of daily tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in Children)

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10 pages, 398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of the ‘Touch Screen-Based Cognitive Training’ for Children with Severe Cognitive Impairment in Special Education

by In Young Sung, Jin Sook Yuk, Dae-Hyun Jang, Gijeong Yun, Chunye Kim and Eun Jae Ko

Children 2021, 8(12), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8121205 - 19 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2251

Abstract

Traditional education in special schools have some limitations. We aimed to investigate if the ‘touch screen-based cognitive training’ is feasible and effective for children with severe cognitive impairment (developmental age 18–36 months) in special education. In this case, 29 children were randomly allocated [...] Read more.

Traditional education in special schools have some limitations. We aimed to investigate if the ‘touch screen-based cognitive training’ is feasible and effective for children with severe cognitive impairment (developmental age 18–36 months) in special education. In this case, 29 children were randomly allocated to intervention (n = 17, ‘touch screen-based cognitive training’, 30 min/session, 3 times/week, 12 weeks) and control (n = 12, traditional education) groups. Psychoeducational Profile-Revised (PEP-R), Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ), Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI), Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), and Goal Attainment Scale (GAS) were measured before and after 12 weeks of education. The ‘touch screen-based cognitive training’ was applicable in special education. When repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, significant groupⅹtime effect was found for GAS, and significant group effect was found for ECBQ (attentional shifting) and GAS. When adjusting for pre-education measurements, the intervention had a significant effect on the post-education measurements of ECBQ (attentional shifting) and GAS (p < 0.05). No relationship existed between the degree of improvements and the severeness of developmental delay in the measurements. ‘Touch screen-based cognitive training’ in special school was feasible and it improved cognition in children with severe cognitive impairment (developmental age 18–36 months), irrespective of the severeness of the developmental delay. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in Children)

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9 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active Cervical Range of Motion in Babies with Positional Plagiocephaly: Analytical Cross-Sectional Study

by Iñaki Pastor-Pons, María Orosia Lucha-López, Marta Barrau-Lalmolda, Iñaki Rodes-Pastor, Ángel Luis Rodríguez-Fernández, César Hidalgo-García and José Miguel Tricás-Moreno

Children 2021, 8(12), 1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8121146 - 06 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2546

Abstract

Positional plagiocephaly (PP) is a general term describing cranial distortion from pre- or postnatal forces on the infant head. Abnormal intrauterine forces, multiple births, primiparous mothers, obstetric interventions, prematurity, male sex, excessive time lying in the supine position, and mobility restrictions of the [...] Read more.

Positional plagiocephaly (PP) is a general term describing cranial distortion from pre- or postnatal forces on the infant head. Abnormal intrauterine forces, multiple births, primiparous mothers, obstetric interventions, prematurity, male sex, excessive time lying in the supine position, and mobility restrictions of the cervical spine have been considered as the main predisposing factors. The objective was to investigate the association between the severity of PP and the active cervical rotation and to analyze the influence of predisposing factors in babies with PP. An analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 74 babies with moderate PP. Clinical and demographic data, cranial vault asymmetry, and active cervical rotation range of motion (ROM) were measured. Associations were analyzed with generalized linear models. The mean age was 16.8 ± 5.0 weeks, and 56.8% were male. A restriction in the ROM of active cervical rotation, especially to the left side, was observed. Our models showed that cranial asymmetry was related with left active cervical rotation ROM (p = 0.034) and with being transported in a pushchair (p < 0.001). Conclusions: An increased severity of PP was related with being transported in a baby pushchair and with a reduced active cervical rotation ROM toward the most restricted side. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in Children)

7 pages, 1423 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Utility of Repeated Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonation for Patients with Childhood Apraxia of Speech

by Jung-Hae Yun, So-Min Shin and Su-Min Son

Children 2021, 8(12), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8121106 - 01 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1501

Abstract

Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) causes inconstant oromotor production. We investigated the clinical efficacy of repeated urimal test of articulation and phonation (U-TAP) in CAS patients. Twenty-eight children were recruited: 19 with CAS and 9 with functional articulation disorder (FAD). Four age-matched typically [...] Read more.

Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) causes inconstant oromotor production. We investigated the clinical efficacy of repeated urimal test of articulation and phonation (U-TAP) in CAS patients. Twenty-eight children were recruited: 19 with CAS and 9 with functional articulation disorder (FAD). Four age-matched typically developing children were also recruited. U-TAP was performed twice repeatedly, and the error rate of consonant accuracy (CA) was measured. Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES) was also performed. The mean U-TAP CA showed a significant difference between the three groups, with 42.04% for CAS, 77.92% for FAD, and 99.68% for the normal group (p < 0.05). The mean difference between the two U-TAP CAs was 10.01% for CAS, 0.82% for FAD, and no difference for the normal group, revealing a significant intergroup difference between CAS and FAD (p < 0.05). For the expressive and receptive PRES scores, CAS group showed significantly decreased results compared to FAD and normal group. Only in the CAS group, expressive PRES showed significant decrease rather than receptive PRES score. The CAS group showed a significant difference in the two U-TAP CA compared to the FAD and normal groups. This result implies that repeated U-TAP can be useful for supportive diagnostic tool for CAS by detecting poor reliability of phonation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in Children)

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10 pages, 1314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Botulinum Toxin a Injection Combined with Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: Shear Wave Sonoelastographic Findings in the Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle, Preliminary Study

by Dong Rak Kwon and Dae Gil Kwon

Children 2021, 8(11), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8111059 - 17 Nov 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2438

Abstract

Therapeutic strategies to boost the effect of botulinum toxin may lead to some advantages, such as long lasting effects, the injection of lower botulinum toxin dosages, fewer side effects, and lower costs. The aim of this study is to investigate the combined effect [...] Read more.

Therapeutic strategies to boost the effect of botulinum toxin may lead to some advantages, such as long lasting effects, the injection of lower botulinum toxin dosages, fewer side effects, and lower costs. The aim of this study is to investigate the combined effect of botulinum toxin A (BTA) injection and extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) for the treatment of spasticity in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Fifteen patients with spastic CP were recruited through a retrospective chart review to clarify what treatment they received. All patients received a BTA injection on gastrocnemius muscle (GCM), and patients in group 1 underwent one ESWT session for the GCM immediately after BTA injection and two consecutive ESWT sessions at weekly intervals. Ankle plantar flexor and the passive range of motion (PROM) of ankle dorsiflexion were measured by a modified Ashworth scale (MAS) before treatment and at 1 and 3 month(s) post-treatment. In group 1, the shear wave velocity (SWV) of GCM was measured. The PROM and MAS in group 1 and 2 before treatment significantly improved at 1 and 3 month(s) after treatment. The change in PROM was significantly different between the two groups at 1 and 3 month(s) after treatment. The SWV before treatment significantly decreased at 1 month and 3 months after treatment in group 1. Our study has shown that the combination of BTA injection and ESWT would be effective at controlling spasticity in children with spastic CP, with sustained improvement at 3 months after treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in Children)

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13 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developmental Traits of Impulse Control Behavior in School Children under Controlled Attention, Motor Function, and Perception

by Hsin-Yung Chen, Ling-Fu Meng, Yawen Yu, Chen-Chi Chen, Li-Yu Hung, Shih-Che Lin and Huang-Ju Chi

Children 2021, 8(10), 922; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100922 - 16 Oct 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2997

Abstract

This research surveyed the characteristics of the developmental traits of impulse control behavior in children through parent-report questionnaires. After matching for gender and attention behavior, as well as controlling for variables (motor and perception) which might confound impulse control, 710 participants (355 girls [...] Read more.

This research surveyed the characteristics of the developmental traits of impulse control behavior in children through parent-report questionnaires. After matching for gender and attention behavior, as well as controlling for variables (motor and perception) which might confound impulse control, 710 participants (355 girls and 355 boys; grade, 1–5; age, 7–12 years) were recruited from a database of 1763 children. Results demonstrated that there was a significant difference between grade 1 and grade 5 in impulse control. Conversely, no significant differences were found when comparing other grades. The present findings indicate that a striking development of impulse control occurs from grade 4 to 5. Moreover, the plateau of impulse control development from grade 1 to 4 implies that a long transition period is needed to prepare children to develop future impulse control. In conclusion, the age-dependent maturation associated with stage-wise development is a critical characteristic of impulse control development in school age children. Further discussions are made regarding this characteristic, such as from the perspective of frontal lobe development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in Children)

12 pages, 863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neurodevelopmental Outcomes after Congenital Heart Disease Surgery in Infancy: A 2-Year Serial Follow-Up

by Kyeong Joo Song, Min Gi Kim, Eun Jae Ko and In Young Sung

Children 2021, 8(10), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100911 - 13 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1640

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study is to assess the neurodevelopmental status of infant patients who underwent cardiac surgery in infancy and to investigate the factors affecting the neurodevelopmental status. Methods: This retrospective study included 108 patients who underwent cardiac surgery before the [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this study is to assess the neurodevelopmental status of infant patients who underwent cardiac surgery in infancy and to investigate the factors affecting the neurodevelopmental status. Methods: This retrospective study included 108 patients who underwent cardiac surgery before the age of one. We used the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II to evaluate the neurodevelopmental status. All patients were analyzed according to the presence of the syndrome. Patients without the syndrome were analyzed according to the presence of brain lesions. Results: The mean mental developmental index (MDI) and the mean psychomotor developmental index (PDI) were 76.11 ± 20.17 and 65.95 ± 18.34, respectively, in the first evaluation, and 73.98 ± 22.53 and 69.48 ± 20.86, respectively, in the second evaluation. In the subgroup analysis, no significant difference was observed between the first evaluation and the second evaluation. Conclusions: No significant difference was observed in the degree of development of the patients in the two evaluation periods. Although the presence of syndrome, brain lesion, or gestational age affected the degree of developmental delay, more than half of the patients had developmental delay in the two evaluation periods in any of the subgroup. Therefore, the necessity of early screening and early rehabilitation intervention is emphasized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in Children)

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