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30 pages, 3886 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

What Electrochemical Biosensors Can Do for Forensic Science? Unique Features and Applications

by Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño, Lourdes Agüí, Susana Campuzano and José Manuel Pingarrón

Biosensors 2019, 9(4), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios9040127 - 29 Oct 2019

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 8864

Abstract

This article critically discusses the latest advances in the use of voltammetric, amperometric, potentiometric, and impedimetric biosensors for forensic analysis. Highlighted examples that show the advantages of these tools to develop methods capable of detecting very small concentrations of analytes and provide selective determinations through analytical responses, without significant interferences from other components of the samples, are presented and discussed, thus stressing the great versatility and utility of electrochemical biosensors in this growing research field. To illustrate this, the determination of substances with forensic relevance by using electrochemical biosensors reported in the last five years (2015–2019) are reviewed. The different configurations of enzyme or affinity biosensors used to solve analytical problems related to forensic practice, with special attention to applications in complex samples, are considered. Main prospects, challenges to focus, such as the fabrication of devices for rapid analysis of target analytes directly on-site at the crime scene, or their widespread use and successful applications to complex samples of interest in forensic analysis, and future efforts, are also briefly discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Potential of (bio)sensors for the Forensic Sciences)

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27 pages, 3048 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Bottom-Up Approach for Developing Aptasensors for Abused Drugs: Biosensors in Forensics

by Eda Celikbas, Simge Balaban, Serap Evran, Hakan Coskunol and Suna Timur

Biosensors 2019, 9(4), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios9040118 - 01 Oct 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 8229

Abstract

Aptamer-based point-of-care (POC) diagnostics platforms may be of substantial benefit in forensic analysis as they provide rapid, sensitive, user-friendly, and selective analysis tools for detection. Aptasensors have not yet been adapted commercially. However, the significance of the applications of aptasensors in the literature exceeded their potential. Herein, in this review, a bottom-up approach is followed to describe the aptasensor development and application procedure, starting from the synthesis of the corresponding aptamer sequence for the selected analyte to creating a smart surface for the sensitive detection of the molecule of interest. Optical and electrochemical biosensing platforms, which are designed with aptamers as recognition molecules, detecting abused drugs are critically reviewed, and existing and possible applications of different designs are discussed. Several potential disciplines in which aptamer-based biosensing technology can be of greatest value, including forensic drug analysis and biological evidence, are then highlighted to encourage researchers to focus on developing aptasensors in these specific areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Potential of (bio)sensors for the Forensic Sciences)

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25 pages, 7673 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Latest Trends in Biosensing for Microphysiological Organs-on-a-Chip and Body-on-a-Chip Systems

by Sebastian Rudi Adam Kratz, Gregor Höll, Patrick Schuller, Peter Ertl and Mario Rothbauer

Biosensors 2019, 9(3), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios9030110 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 11953

Abstract

Organs-on-chips are considered next generation in vitro tools capable of recreating in vivo like, physiological-relevant microenvironments needed to cultivate 3D tissue-engineered constructs (e.g., hydrogel-based organoids and spheroids) as well as tissue barriers. These microphysiological systems are ideally suited to (a) reduce animal testing by generating human organ models, (b) facilitate drug development and (c) perform personalized medicine by integrating patient-derived cells and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into microfluidic devices. An important aspect of any diagnostic device and cell analysis platform, however, is the integration and application of a variety of sensing strategies to provide reliable, high-content information on the health status of the in vitro model of choice. To overcome the analytical limitations of organs-on-a-chip systems a variety of biosensors have been integrated to provide continuous data on organ-specific reactions and dynamic tissue responses. Here, we review the latest trends in biosensors fit for monitoring human physiology in organs-on-a-chip systems including optical and electrochemical biosensors. Full article

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9 pages, 2082 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fast Identification of Bacteria for Quality Control of Drinking Water through a Static Headspace Sampler Coupled to a Sensory Perception System

by Jeniffer Carrillo and Cristhian Durán

Biosensors 2019, 9(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios9010023 - 08 Feb 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5556

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop and implement a methodology composed by a Static Head-Space-Sampler (SHS) coupled to a Sensory Perception System (SPS) for the extraction of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) emitted by bacterial species in the water. The SPS was performed by means of a chamber of 16 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors and a software with pattern recognition methods for the detection and identification of bacteria. At first, the tests were conducted from the sterile and polluted water with the Escherichia coli bacteria and modifying the incubation temperatures (50 °C, 70 °C and 90 °C), with the objective to obtain an optimal temperature for the distinguishing of species. Furthermore, the capacity of the methodology to distinguish the important compounds was assessed, in this case, E. coli and other bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella oxytoca, which formed similar analytes. The validation of the proposed methodology was done by acquiring water samples from different unitary operations of an aqueduct of the municipality of Toledo (North of Santander, Colombia), which were analyzed by the membrane filter technique in the laboratories of the University of Pamplona, along with the SHS-SPS system. The results showed that it was possible to distinguish polluted water samples in a fast way through the sensory measurement equipment using pattern recognition techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) and a probabilistic neural network (PNN), where a 95% of differentiation was obtained through PCA and 100% of the classification with DFA. The PNN network achieved the 86.6% of success rate with the cross-validation technique “leave one out”. Full article

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