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10th Anniversary of Biology: Regulation of Innate Antiviral Response and...
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10th Anniversary of Biology: Regulation of Innate Antiviral Response and Antiviral Therapy Targeting Innate Immunity

A special issue of Biology (ISSN 2079-7737). This special issue belongs to the section "Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 11625

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Rongtuan Lin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
2. Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
Interests: innate immunity; interferon signaling; gene expression; cytokine, antiviral responses
Dr. Zhenlong Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital & Medicine Department, McGill University Montreal, Montreal, QC H2X 3X8, Canada
Interests: HIV-1; HTLV-1; virus and host interaction; antivirus drugs screening and developments; viral immunology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Biology will be publishing a Special Issue in 2021 to celebrate its 10th anniversary of publication. The first volume of the journal was published in 2011, and it received its first Impact Factor in 2020. The “Immunology” Section was established in 2019. It welcomes original research addressing the immune system throughout the biology of vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as defense mechanisms of plants and resistance to infections.

The innate immune response to virus infection plays a critical role in limiting virus multiplication and pathogenesis. Viruses are sensed by a subset of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize evolutionarily conserved structures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Rapid and efficient detection of PAMPs via PRRs is essential for the host to mount defensive and protective responses. Central to the early host defense against viral infection is the rapid induction of interferons (IFNs) and the synthesis of a large variety of antiviral IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). To ensure successful antiviral defenses and to avoid aberrant or dysregulation of host immune signaling, antiviral innate immune responses need to be tightly regulated.

This Special Issue intends to gather the important and recent developments in the regulation of the antiviral innate immune response and antiviral therapy targeting innate immunity. We welcome the submission of original research, review papers, case report, communication or study protocol in the “10th Anniversary of Biology: Regulation of Innate Antiviral Response and Antiviral Therapy Targeting Innate Immunity”.

Dr. Rongtuan Lin
Dr. Zhenlong Liu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biology is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • antiviral response
  • IFN signaling
  • STING
  • PRR
  • ISG
  • RIG-I like receptor signaling

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 6712 KiB  
Article
Astrocyte Control of Zika Infection Is Independent of Interferon Type I and Type III Expression
by Mithun Das, Monique L. Smith, Tomomi Furihata, Subir Sarker, Ross O’Shea and Karla J. Helbig
Biology 2022, 11(1), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11010143 - 15 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2341
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a pathogenic neurotropic virus that infects the central nervous system (CNS) and results in various neurological complications. Astrocytes are the dominant CNS cell producer of the antiviral cytokine IFN-β, however little is known about the factors involved in their [...] Read more.
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a pathogenic neurotropic virus that infects the central nervous system (CNS) and results in various neurological complications. Astrocytes are the dominant CNS cell producer of the antiviral cytokine IFN-β, however little is known about the factors involved in their ability to mediate viral infection control. Recent studies have displayed differential responses in astrocytes to ZIKV infection, and this study sought to elucidate astrocyte cell-specific responses to ZIKV using a variety of cell models infected with either the African (MR766) or Asian (PRVABC59) ZIKV strains. Expression levels of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α and IL-1β) and inflammatory (IL-8) cytokines following viral infection were low and mostly comparable within the ZIKV-resistant and ZIKV-susceptible astrocyte models, with better control of proinflammatory cytokines displayed in resistant astrocyte cells, synchronising with the viral infection level at specific timepoints. Astrocyte cell lines displaying ZIKV-resistance also demonstrated early upregulation of multiple antiviral genes compared with susceptible astrocytes. Interestingly, pre-stimulation of ZIKV-susceptible astrocytes with either poly(I:C) or poly(dA:dT) showed efficient protection against ZIKV compared with pre-stimulation with either recombinant IFN-β or IFN-λ, perhaps indicating that a more diverse antiviral gene expression is necessary for astrocyte control of ZIKV, and this is driven in part through interferon-independent mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Biology: Regulation of Innate Antiviral Response and Antiviral Therapy Targeting Innate Immunity)
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19 pages, 1968 KiB  
Article
Immunostimulant Bathing Influences the Expression of Immune- and Metabolic-Related Genes in Atlantic Salmon Alevins
by Filipe Figueiredo, Harald Kristoffersen, Shripathi Bhat, Zuobing Zhang, Jacques Godfroid, Stefano Peruzzi, Kim Præbel, Roy Ambli Dalmo and Xiaoli Xu
Biology 2021, 10(10), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10100980 - 29 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2714
Abstract
Disease resistance of fish larvae may be improved by bath treatment in water containing immunostimulants. Pattern recognition receptors, such as TLR3, TLR7, and MDA5, work as an “early warning” to induce intracellular signaling and facilitate an antiviral response. A single [...] Read more.
Disease resistance of fish larvae may be improved by bath treatment in water containing immunostimulants. Pattern recognition receptors, such as TLR3, TLR7, and MDA5, work as an “early warning” to induce intracellular signaling and facilitate an antiviral response. A single bath of newly hatched larvae, with Astragalus, upregulated the expression of IFNα, IFNc, ISG15, MDA5, PKR, STAT1, TLR3, and TLR7 immune genes, on day 4 post treatment. Similar patterns were observed for Hyaluronic acid and Poly I:C. Increased expression was observed for ISG15, MDA5, MX, STAT1, TLR3, TLR7, and RSAD2, on day 9 for Imiquimod. Metabolic gene expression was stimulated on day 1 after immunostimulant bath in ULK1, MYC, SLC2A1, HIF1A, MTOR, and SIX1, in Astragalus, Hyaluronic acid, and Imiquimod. Expression of NOS2 in Poly I:C was an average fourfold above that of control at the same timepoint. Throughout the remaining sampling days (2, 4, 9, 16, 32, and 45 days post immunostimulant bath), NOS2 and IL1B were consistently overexpressed. In conclusion, the immunostimulants induced antiviral gene responses, indicating that a single bath at an early life stage could enable a more robust antiviral defense in fish. Additionally, it was demonstrated, based on gene expression data, that cell metabolism was perturbed, where several metabolic genes were co-regulated with innate antiviral genes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Biology: Regulation of Innate Antiviral Response and Antiviral Therapy Targeting Innate Immunity)
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14 pages, 2807 KiB  
Article
Antiviral Activity of Rosa damascena Mill. and Rosa alba L. Essential Oils against the Multiplication of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Strains Sensitive and Resistant to Acyclovir
by Neli Vilhelmova-Ilieva, Ana Dobreva, Rositsa Doynovska, Dimo Krastev and Milka Mileva
Biology 2021, 10(8), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10080746 - 04 Aug 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2744
Abstract
Background: The specific chemotherapeutics against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) are nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir (ACV), but the most important problem is the formation of resistant mutants. The search for new therapeutic alternatives leads us to the purpose of investigating the [...] Read more.
Background: The specific chemotherapeutics against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) are nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir (ACV), but the most important problem is the formation of resistant mutants. The search for new therapeutic alternatives leads us to the purpose of investigating the effects of Rosa damascena Mill. and Rosa alba L. essential oils on the viral reproduction of susceptible (Victoria) and acyclovir-resistant (R-100) strains of HSV-1 replication in vitro, individually and in combination with acyclovir. Methods: Cytopathic effect inhibition test was used for assessment of antiviral activity of the oils, and the three-dimensional model of Prichard and Shipman was applied to evaluate the combined effect of oils with ACV on HSV-1 replication. Results: Both oils do not affect the replication of viral strains; they are able to influence only viral adsorption and extracellular virions and protect healthy cells from subsequent infection. In combination with lower doses of acyclovir, both oils demonstrate a significant synergistic effect on the replication of HSV-1, which is more contagious than the Victoria strain. Conclusions: The nonspecific mechanism of the reduction in viral reproduction caused by rose oils and the synergistic effect of their co-administration with the lower doses of specific inhibitor ACV makes them suitable therapeutics for overcoming viral resistance to HSV-1 infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Biology: Regulation of Innate Antiviral Response and Antiviral Therapy Targeting Innate Immunity)
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17 pages, 5825 KiB  
Article
TLR7 Activation of Macrophages by Imiquimod Inhibits HIV Infection through Modulation of Viral Entry Cellular Factors
by Feng-Zhen Meng, Jin-Biao Liu, Xu Wang, Peng Wang, Wen-Hui Hu, Wei Hou and Wen-Zhe Ho
Biology 2021, 10(7), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10070661 - 13 Jul 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2898
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 is a viral sensor for detecting single-stranded ribonucleic acid (ssRNA), the activation of which can induce intracellular innate immunity against viral infections. Imiquimod, a synthetic ligand for TLR7, has been successfully used for the topical treatment of genital/perianal [...] Read more.
The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 is a viral sensor for detecting single-stranded ribonucleic acid (ssRNA), the activation of which can induce intracellular innate immunity against viral infections. Imiquimod, a synthetic ligand for TLR7, has been successfully used for the topical treatment of genital/perianal warts in immunocompetent individuals. We studied the effect of imiquimod on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of primary human macrophages and demonstrated that the treatment of cells with imiquimod effectively inhibited infection with multiple strains (Bal, YU2, and Jago) of HIV. This anti-HIV activity of imiquimod was the most potent when macrophages were treated prior to infection. Infection of macrophages with pseudotyped HIV NL4-3-ΔEnv-eGFP-Bal showed that imiquimod could block the viral entry. Further mechanistic studies revealed that while imiquimod had little effect on the interferons (IFNs) expression, its treatment of macrophages resulted in the increased production of the CC chemokines (human macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α), MIP-1β, and upon activation regulated normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES)), the natural ligands of HIV entry co-receptor CCR5, and decreased the expression of CD4 and CCR5. The addition of the antibodies against the CC chemokines to macrophage cultures could block imiquimod-mediated HIV inhibition. These findings provide experimental evidence to support the notion that TLR7 participates in the intracellular immunity against HIV in macrophages, suggesting the further clinical evaluation of imiquimod for its additional benefit of treating genital/perianal warts in people infected with HIV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Biology: Regulation of Innate Antiviral Response and Antiviral Therapy Targeting Innate Immunity)
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