Cancer Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy

A special issue of Bioengineering (ISSN 2306-5354).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2023) | Viewed by 4407

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Interests: photodynamic therapy; photodiagnosis; cancer pharmacology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A successful cancer treatment hinges on accurate diagnosis, precise tumor resection and targeted therapy with minimum normal tissue toxicity. Used in combination with non-ionizing radiation, photodiagnostic probes and photosensitizers with little dark toxicity are being developed to improve cancer treatment outcomes. Three fluorescent probes including methylene blue, fluorescein and indocyanine green have been used in the clinic for over half a century to probe tissue perfusion, visualize angiography and facilitate tumor resection. Two most recent FDA-approved intraoperative probes are 5-aminolevulinic acid and pafolacianine. Different from the old fluorescent probes that highlight tumors solely based on the passive diffusion, two new FDA approvals and more under development make tumors visible to surgeons, thereby enabling fluorescence image-guided tumor resection, by revealing tumor-associated metabolic alterations. Since the first photosensitizer photofrin was approved by the FDA in 1995, about a dozen photosensitizers have received regulatory approvals throughout the world. These photo-active drugs are now commonly used for the treatment of superficial skin cancers and other types of cancer. The use of these photodiagnostic and photosensitizing drugs depends on compatible light sources, optical fibers and imaging systems. It is the combination of photoactive drug development and the engineering of companion optical devices that makes cancer photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy a clinical success. This Special Issue of Bioengineering is to celebrate the success of this multidisciplinary research and development, tackle current issues in the field, and foresee future developments to expand its application in oncology.

Prof. Dr. Bin Chen
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • photodiagnostic
  • cancer treatment
  • Photodynamic Therapy

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 3040 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Effect of Photodynamic Therapy on CAM-Grown Sarcomas
by Maximilian Kerkhoff, Susanne Grunewald, Christiane Schaefer, Stefan K. Zöllner, Pauline Plaumann, Maike Busch, Nicole Dünker, Julia Ketzer, Josephine Kersting, Sebastian Bauer, Jendrik Hardes, Arne Streitbürger, Uta Dirksen, Wolfgang Hartmann and Wiebke K. Guder
Bioengineering 2023, 10(4), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10040464 - 11 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1399
Abstract
Resection margin adequacy plays a critical role in the local control of sarcomas. Fluorescence-guided surgery has increased complete resection rates and local recurrence-free survival in several oncological disciplines. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sarcomas exhibit sufficient tumor fluorescence (photodynamic [...] Read more.
Resection margin adequacy plays a critical role in the local control of sarcomas. Fluorescence-guided surgery has increased complete resection rates and local recurrence-free survival in several oncological disciplines. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sarcomas exhibit sufficient tumor fluorescence (photodynamic diagnosis (PDD)) after administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and whether photodynamic therapy (PDT) has an impact on tumor vitality in vivo. Sixteen primary cell cultures were derived from patient samples of 12 different sarcoma subtypes and transplanted onto the chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) of chick embryos to generate 3-dimensional cell-derived xenografts (CDXs). After treatment with 5-ALA, the CDXs were incubated for another 4 h. Subsequently accumulated protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) was excited by blue light and the intensity of tumor fluorescence was analyzed. A subset of CDXs was exposed to red light and morphological changes of both CAMs and tumors were documented. Twenty-four hours after PDT, the tumors were excised and examined histologically. High rates of cell-derived engraftments on the CAM were achieved in all sarcoma subtypes and an intense PPIX fluorescence was observed. PDT of CDXs resulted in a disruption of tumor-feeding vessels and 52.4% of CDXs presented as regressive after PDT treatment, whereas control CDXs remained vital in all cases. Therefore, 5-ALA mediated PDD and PDT appear to be promising tools in defining sarcoma resection margins (PDD) and adjuvant treatment of the tumor bed (PDT). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy)
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Review
5-Aminolevulinic Acid as a Theranostic Agent for Tumor Fluorescence Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy
by Richard Howley, Sharayu Chandratre and Bin Chen
Bioengineering 2023, 10(4), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10040496 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2575
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring amino acid synthesized in all nucleated mammalian cells. As a porphyrin precursor, ALA is metabolized in the heme biosynthetic pathway to produce protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), a fluorophore and photosensitizing agent. ALA administered exogenously bypasses the rate-limit [...] Read more.
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring amino acid synthesized in all nucleated mammalian cells. As a porphyrin precursor, ALA is metabolized in the heme biosynthetic pathway to produce protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), a fluorophore and photosensitizing agent. ALA administered exogenously bypasses the rate-limit step in the pathway, resulting in PpIX accumulation in tumor tissues. Such tumor-selective PpIX disposition following ALA administration has been exploited for tumor fluorescence diagnosis and photodynamic therapy (PDT) with much success. Five ALA-based drugs have now received worldwide approval and are being used for managing very common human (pre)cancerous diseases such as actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma or guiding the surgery of bladder cancer and high-grade gliomas, making it the most successful drug discovery and development endeavor in PDT and photodiagnosis. The potential of ALA-induced PpIX as a fluorescent theranostic agent is, however, yet to be fully fulfilled. In this review, we would like to describe the heme biosynthesis pathway in which PpIX is produced from ALA and its derivatives, summarize current clinical applications of ALA-based drugs, and discuss strategies for enhancing ALA-induced PpIX fluorescence and PDT response. Our goal is two-fold: to highlight the successes of ALA-based drugs in clinical practice, and to stimulate the multidisciplinary collaboration that has brought the current success and will continue to usher in more landmark advances. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy)
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