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Advances in Lidar Remote Sensing Research in the Middle and...
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Advances in Lidar Remote Sensing Research in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Upper Atmosphere".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 February 2024) | Viewed by 2381

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Guotao Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center (NSSC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Interests: lidar; middle and upper atmosphere; metal layer; Na temperature/wind lidar; Rayleigh Doppler lidar; optical detection of atmosphere; Na atoms; potassium atoms; Ca+ ions; thermosphere; MLT region; E-region; F-region; thermospheric metal layers; Ca+ ions in F-region
Dr. Zhibin Yu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
Interests: lidar technology development; mesosphere and low thermosphere; ionosphere–thermosphere coupling; metal layers; atmospheric measurement technique
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Shaohua Gong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Physics and Electronics Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
Interests: nanocrystals; atmosphere; opti electronics; atmospheric modeling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is an honor to invite you to submit your work to a Special Issue of “Advances in Lidar Remote Sensing Research in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere” by the open-access journal Atmosphere.

Due to the excellent advantages of high precision, high resolution, and specific chemical element component detection in the remote sensing field, Lidar has become an important technology for studying the middle and upper atmosphere. For instance, the Rayleigh lidar can provide measurements of the air density, temperature, and wind of the middle atmosphere between ~30 and ~80km by measuring the Rayleigh scattering signal and the related Doppler shift of atmospheric molecules. The metal fluorescence lidar can measure the metal densities such as atomic sodium, potassium, calcium, and ionic calcium in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region by measuring the fluorescence scattering signal of metallic atoms and ions between ~80 and ~110km, as well as the neutral temperature and wind field data when the broadened Doppler frequency shift of the fluorescence signal detections are realized. These unique data enable us to further study the dynamic and chemical processes in the MLT. In the past decade, lots of studies have reported the characteristics of metallic atoms and ions in the higher thermosphere and ionosphere by lidar detections; especially the calcium ions that have recently been detected up to 300km, which effectively extends the detection height of lidar, attracting researchers’ attention in the field of metal layer study of the middle and upper atmosphere. Furthermore, researchers are developing lidars to detect the fluorescence scattering from helium atoms at 200 -1000km, and the lidar detection range is expect to extend extreme height.

In recognition of the recent advances, the journal Atmosphere is planning a Special Issue as a compilation to showcase the current studies of the middle and upper atmosphere with lidar remote sensing technology. Authors are encouraged to submit an original paper that includes but not limited to the topics of the relevant lidar research on metallic species, neutral wind and temperature observations, lidar instrumentation, as well as the theoretical mechanism analysis and modeling.

Dr. Guotao Yang
Dr. Zhibin Yu
Dr. Shaohua Gong
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • lidar
  • middle and upper atmosphere
  • atmospheric density
  • atmospheric temperature
  • metal layers
  • Na atom layer
  • Ca+ Ions
  • rayleigh lidar
  • rayleigh doppler lidar
  • Na temperature/wind lidar
  • atmospheric helium atoms

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 3381 KiB  
Article
Lidar Observations of the Fe Layer in the Mesopause and Lower Thermosphere over Beijing (40.5° N, 116.0° E) and Mohe (53.5° N, 122.4° E)
by Kexin Wang, Zelong Wang, Yuxuan Wu, Lifang Du, Haoran Zheng, Jing Jiao, Fang Wu, Yuchang Xun and Yuan Xia
Atmosphere 2024, 15(3), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15030344 - 12 Mar 2024
Viewed by 627
Abstract
Lidar observations of metal layers play a significant role in research on the chemistry and dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. This work reports on Fe lidar observations conducted in Beijing and Mohe. Utilizing the same laser emission system, a 1064 nm [...] Read more.
Lidar observations of metal layers play a significant role in research on the chemistry and dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. This work reports on Fe lidar observations conducted in Beijing and Mohe. Utilizing the same laser emission system, a 1064 nm seed laser was injected into an Nd: YAG laser to generate a single longitudinal-mode pulse 532 nm laser, which pumped a dye laser to produce a 572 nm laser. The 572 nm laser and the remaining 1064 nm fundamental frequency laser passed through a sum–frequency module to generate a 372 nm laser to detect the Fe layer. According to a total of 52.6 h of observations for 10 nights in Beijing, the Fe layer has an average column density of 1.24 × 1010 cm−2, an RMS width of 4.4 km and a centroid altitude of 89.4 km. In Mohe, observed for 16 nights and a total of 91.5 h, the Fe layer has an average column density of 1.08 × 1010 cm−2, an RMS width of 4.6 km and a centroid altitude of 89.5 km. The probability of the occurrence of sporadic Fe layers was 42.4% in Beijing and 29.4% in Mohe. Compared to simultaneously observed Na layers, the occurrence probabilities of sporadic Fe layers were higher than those of sporadic Na layers in both stations. Based on the two cases observed in Beijing, it is conjectured that the formation mechanism of sporadic metal layers above approximately 100 km has a more significant influence on sporadic Fe layers than on sporadic Na layers. The lower thermospheric Fe layers with densities significantly larger than those of the main layer were observed during two nights in Mohe. This work contributes to the refinement of the global distribution of Fe layers and provides abundant observational data for the modeling and study of the metal layers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lidar Remote Sensing Research in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere)
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13 pages, 2099 KiB  
Article
Calculation of Resonance Fluorescence Scattering Cross Sections of Metal Particles in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Comparison of Their Detectability
by Kexin Wang, Zelong Wang, Yuxuan Wu, Yuan Xia, Yuchang Xun, Fuju Wu, Jing Jiao and Lifang Du
Atmosphere 2023, 14(8), 1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14081283 - 13 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1091
Abstract
Resonance fluorescence scattering is the physical mechanism with which lidar detects atmospheric metal layers. The resonance fluorescence scattering cross section is an important parameter for lidar data processing. In this work, the resonance fluorescence backscattering cross sections of most detectable metal atoms and [...] Read more.
Resonance fluorescence scattering is the physical mechanism with which lidar detects atmospheric metal layers. The resonance fluorescence scattering cross section is an important parameter for lidar data processing. In this work, the resonance fluorescence backscattering cross sections of most detectable metal atoms and ions in the atmosphere were calculated. The calculated maximum backscattering cross section of Na at the D2 line is 7.38 × 10−17 m2/sr; K at the D1 line is 7.37 × 10−17 m2/sr; Fe at the 372 nm line is 7.53 × 10−18 m2/sr; Fe at the 374 nm line is 6.98 × 10−18 m2/sr; Fe at the 386 nm line is 3.75 × 10−18 m2/sr; Ni at the 337 nm line is 4.05 × 10−18 m2/sr; and Ni at the 341 nm line is 2.05 × 10−17 m2/sr; Ca is 3.06 × 10−16 m2/sr; Ca+ is 1.12 × 10−16 m2/sr. The influence of the laser linewidth on the effective scattering cross section was discussed. If the laser linewidth is lower than 2 GHz to detect Na, the laser center frequency locked at the D2a line is a better option than the D2 line in order to obtain greater signals. If an unlocked lidar is used to detect Na, the frequency at D2a should be used as the laser center frequency when the effective scattering cross section of Na was calculated, because the absorption cross section of Na atom has two local maxima. This work proposes a quantifiable comparative method for assessing the observation difficulty of different metal particles by comparing their relative uncertainties in lidar observation. It is assumed that under the same observation conditions, the detectability of different metal atoms and ions is compared. Using Na as a basis for comparison, the relative uncertainty of Ni at 337 nm is the highest, about a factor of 21 larger than that of Na, indicating that it is the most difficult to be detected. The purpose of this work is to present a quantifiable comparison method for the detection difficulty of the metal particles by lidar in the middle and upper atmosphere, which has great significance for the design of the lidar system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lidar Remote Sensing Research in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere)
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