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Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: New Diagnostic Methods and Recent Observations...
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Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: New Diagnostic Methods and Recent Observations II

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Upper Atmosphere".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 9410

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Nataliya V. Bakhmetieva

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Radiophysical Research Institute, Lobachevski State University of Nizhni Novgorod, 603950 Nizhni Novgorod, Russia
Interests: atmosphere; physics of the ionosphere; radio wave propagation; remote sensing; atmosphere dynamics; turbulence; sporadic E layers; atmosphere-ionosphere coupling; API technique
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Gennadiy I. Grigoriev

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Radiophysical Research Institute, Lobachevski State University of Nizhni Novgorod, 603105 Nizhni Novgorod, Russia
Interests: acoustic-gravity waves; atmosphere dynamics; diffusion; instability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Our first Special Issue devoted to the study of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere was particularly successful, and it is for this reason that we have decided to release a second edition with the same goals, but also with some additions.

The aim of this Special Issue is to present the results of recent studies of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT), including new research techniques. This region, occupying the altitude range of 50–150 km, provides the interaction of the troposphere forming the weather and climate and the upper atmosphere, regulated by solar activity. The MLT is a transitional range from molecular to atomic gas. It is a highly dynamical turbulent and wave region. It is characterized by turbulent and wave phenomena of different spatial–temporal scales, affecting the parameters of plasma and neutral components of the Earth’s atmosphere. Properties of the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere can vary greatly under the impact of natural and artificial disturbances. In recent decades, new methods have been developed to study this region of the atmosphere. Methods involving artificial disturbances of high-frequency radio waves on the Earth’s ionosphere are among them. They allow one to determine many MLT parameters, such as the temperature and the density of the neutral component, the velocities of regular and turbulent movements, parameters of turbulence, atmospheric waves, and the ionized component of the atmosphere. One of the methods is based on the creation of artificial periodic irregularities (API technique).

We invite you to submit your original research and review papers to this Special Issue. Research on the development of new methods for MLT diagnostics and new observation results are welcome. We hope to receive manuscripts on diagnostics of the parameters of neutral and plasma components of the MLT region. We encourage papers on the study of the neutral temperature, density, parameters of turbulence and atmospheric waves, and sporadic layers of ionization. Theoretical studies in these areas are also suitable. We invite, among others, papers on the following topics:

  • New results of MLT research;
  • Measurement of neutral atmosphere parameters;
  • Spatial–temporal dependences of MLT neutral temperature and density;
  • MLT dynamics: velocities of regular and turbulent motions;
  • Atmospheric turbulence parameters;
  • Acoustic gravity waves;
  • Traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs);
  • Ionized layers in the lower thermosphere;
  • Atmospheric–ionospheric interactions.

Dr. Nataliya V. Bakhmetieva
Dr. Gennadiy I. Grigoriev
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mesosphere and lower thermosphere
  • neutral atmosphere parameters
  • atmospheric turbulence parameters
  • acoustic gravity waves
  • traveling ionospheric disturbances
  • ionized layers
  • atmospheric–ionospheric interactions

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 7123 KiB  
Article
On the Results of a Special Experiment on the Registration of Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances by a System of Synchronously Operating Chirp Ionosondes
by Fedor Vybornov, Olga Sheiner, Alexey Kolchev, Evgeniy Zykov, Aleksandr Chernov, Vladimir Shumaev and Aleksandr Pershin
Atmosphere 2022, 13(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010084 - 5 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1413
Abstract
We present the results of observations of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) based on the data of the operation of the network of chirp oblique sounding stations of the ionosphere on 18–19 December 2019. For observations, four stations of the same type located in [...] Read more.
We present the results of observations of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) based on the data of the operation of the network of chirp oblique sounding stations of the ionosphere on 18–19 December 2019. For observations, four stations of the same type located in Vasilsursk (56.3° N; 46.08° E), Yoshkar-Ola (56.62° N; 47.87° E), Kazan (55.8° N; 49.12° E), and Nizhny Novgorod (56.32° N; 44.02° E) were used. They formed six synchronous sounding paths with lengths from 120 km to 320 km. The registration of the amplitude-frequency and distance-frequency characteristics (AFC and DFC) by the chirp oblique sounding stations was carried out every minute. Additionally, two vertical sounding stations of the ionosphere as ionosondes CADI and Cyclone (Vasilsursk and Kazan) were used. The passage of several types of TIDs has been observed. Based on the measurements of the DFC of the ionosphere, as obtained on different paths by simultaneously operated chirp stations, and ionograms obtained by vertical ionosondes, estimates of the spatial dimensions and TID velocity were made, and their direction was identified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: New Diagnostic Methods and Recent Observations II)
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17 pages, 951 KiB  
Article
Effects of Linewidth Broadening Method on Recoil of Sodium Laser Guide Star
by Xiangyuan Liu, Xianmei Qian, Rui He, Dandan Liu, Chaolong Cui, Chuanyu Fan and Hao Yuan
Atmosphere 2021, 12(10), 1315; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101315 - 8 Oct 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1456
Abstract
The linewidth broadening of the circular-polarized continuous wave laser mitigates the recoil effects of the sodium laser guide star very well. By choice of the optimal laser linewidth, the relations between the laser intensity and average spontaneous emission rates are obtained. The numerically [...] Read more.
The linewidth broadening of the circular-polarized continuous wave laser mitigates the recoil effects of the sodium laser guide star very well. By choice of the optimal laser linewidth, the relations between the laser intensity and average spontaneous emission rates are obtained. The numerically simulated results show that the 1–100 MHz linewidth broadening effectively weakens recoil and enhances the average spontaneous emission rates. For laser powers from 10 W to 60 W, considering the intensity distribution with random at the mesospheric sodium layer, when the laser linewidth is broadened to be 1–100 MHz from 0 MHz, increments of the return photons go up to 110% from 50% and do not have an effect on the spot sizes of the sodium laser guide star. Several cases have proven that the linewidth broadening method is correct. Further calculations show that the linewidth broadening method similarly applies to the case of the multi-mode laser. Furthermore, the linewidth broadening of re-pumping should be taken into account. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: New Diagnostic Methods and Recent Observations II)
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13 pages, 288 KiB  
Article
Study of a Gas Disturbance Mode Content Based on the Measurement of Atmospheric Parameters at the Heights of the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere
by Sergey Leble, Sergey Vereshchagin, Nataliya V. Bakhmetieva and Gennadiy I. Grigoriev
Atmosphere 2021, 12(9), 1123; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091123 - 31 Aug 2021
Viewed by 1355
Abstract
The main result of this work is the estimation of the entropy mode accompanying a wave disturbance, observed at the atmosphere heights range of 90–120 km. The study is the direct continuation and development of recent results on diagnosis of the acoustic wave [...] Read more.
The main result of this work is the estimation of the entropy mode accompanying a wave disturbance, observed at the atmosphere heights range of 90–120 km. The study is the direct continuation and development of recent results on diagnosis of the acoustic wave with the separation on direction of propagation. The estimation of the entropy mode contribution relies upon the measurements of the three dynamic variables (the temperature, density, and vertical velocity perturbations) of the neutral atmosphere measured by the method of the resonant scattering of radio waves on the artificial periodic irregularities of the ionospheric plasma. The measurement of the atmosphere dynamic parameters was carried out on the SURA heating facility. The mathematical foundation of the mode separation algorithm is based on the dynamic projection operators technique. The operators are constructed via the eigenvectors of the coordinate evolution operator of the transformed system of balance equations of the hydro-thermodynamics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: New Diagnostic Methods and Recent Observations II)
17 pages, 24865 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Tropospheric Processes on Disturbances in the D and E Ionospheric Layers
by Olga P. Borchevkina, Sergey O. Adamson, Yurii A. Dyakov, Ivan V. Karpov, Gennady V. Golubkov, Pao-Kuan Wang and Maxim G. Golubkov
Atmosphere 2021, 12(9), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091116 - 30 Aug 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2209
Abstract
Determination of the physical mechanisms of the energy transfer of tropospheric disturbances to the ionosphere is one of the fundamental problems of atmospheric physics. This article presents the observational results of tropospheric and ionospheric disturbances during the passages of the solar terminator and [...] Read more.
Determination of the physical mechanisms of the energy transfer of tropospheric disturbances to the ionosphere is one of the fundamental problems of atmospheric physics. This article presents the observational results of tropospheric and ionospheric disturbances during the passages of the solar terminator and solar eclipse. Lidar observations showed the occurrence of tropospheric regions with noticeably increased amplitudes of density, pressure, and temperature variations with periods corresponding to acoustic and internal gravity waves, which were generated in the troposphere during the development of these events. Simultaneous satellite measurements demonstrate the response of the ionosphere to these tropospheric disturbances. Based on the experimental data, we determine the typical periods and spatial scales of variations. It is shown that the response time of the ionosphere to tropospheric disturbances is 30–40 min. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: New Diagnostic Methods and Recent Observations II)
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12 pages, 7258 KiB  
Article
Sporadic E Layer with a Structure of Double Cusp in the Vertical Sounding Ionogram
by Kamil M. Yusupov and Nataliya V. Bakhmetieva
Atmosphere 2021, 12(9), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091093 - 25 Aug 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2134
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed a large number of vertical sounding ionograms, obtained by the mid-latitude Cyclone ionosonde (55.85° N; 48.8° E) of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, which operates in a rapid-run mode of ionograms (1 ionogram per minute). Ionograms with a [...] Read more.
In this study, we analyzed a large number of vertical sounding ionograms, obtained by the mid-latitude Cyclone ionosonde (55.85° N; 48.8° E) of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, which operates in a rapid-run mode of ionograms (1 ionogram per minute). Ionograms with a sporadic E layer type c, which have an unusual double cusp on the trace from the sporadic layer, were found among them. We attempted to simulate this unusual double cusp trace shape. Model calculations were performed to clarify the reasons for the appearance of the double cusp and to determine the shape of the lower part of the E and Es layers. The simulation was performed by fitting the profile of the electron densities of the E and Es layers, calculating the virtual reflection heights based on the refractive index using the Appleton-Hartree formula, and comparing them with the virtual heights of the layers on the ionogram. An estimate of the half-thickness of the lower part of the Es-layer was obtained. The possible reasons for the appearance of a trace with a double cusp of the Es layer are discussed. We assumed that the possible reasons for this phenomenon were the stratification of the E layer, and the interaction between the E and F layers in the form of descending or intermediate layers and atmospheric wave propagation. As an illustration of these phenomena, examples of an intermediate (descending) sporadic E layer and stratification of the E region and the Es layer are given according to observations of the lower ionosphere. These examples were obtained through the resonant scattering of probe radio waves by artificial periodic irregularities (API technique) of the ionospheric plasma, performed on the SURA mid-latitude heating facility (56.1° N; 46.1° E). The scattering of probe radio waves on the APIs generated by the heating facility made it possible to study various phenomena in the Earth’s ionosphere. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: New Diagnostic Methods and Recent Observations II)
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