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Atmosphere
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Statistical Analysis of Geomagnetic Storms Impact on the Atmosphere-Magnetosphere-Ionosphere System
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Statistical Analysis of Geomagnetic Storms Impact on the Atmosphere-Magnetosphere-Ionosphere System

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Upper Atmosphere".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 April 2021) | Viewed by 8373

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yury Yasyukevich

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Solar Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia
Interests: ionosphere; total electron content; global electron content; travelling ionosphere disturbances; GNSS; space weather
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Geomagnetic storms are one of the main factors of Space Weather. The storms significantly influence on the interconnected dynamical system of the Earth magnetosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere and result in deteriorated operation of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), radar systems, and communication systems. Development of observational facilities allowed obtaining long term data sets. In addition to classical ionosonde, radar and GNSS observations, we have high-rate those as well as radio occultation and in-situ measurements from satellite missions. New ionosphere mapping techniques were developed to produce high-rate or high-resolution total electron content data. SuperDARN data provides the structure and temporal evolution of plasma convection at high-latitudes. All these could provide advance on knowledge of Near-Earth space dynamics during magnetic storms.

This Special Issue is devoted to statistical studies of geomagnetic storm effects on the atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere. Seasonal and solar cycle features in different parameters, as well as regional peculiarities of storm response are of particular interest. Special attention is devoted to statistical characteristics of storm occurrence, estimates of typical responses, as well as finding new classifications and indexes. Advances are considered in modeling the geomagnetic storm response and storm influence on technical systems.

Dr. Yury Yasyukevich
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • substorms
  • statistical research
  • ionosphere
  • atmosphere
  • magnetosphere
  • radio system operation
  • GNSS

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 430 KiB  
Article
Diagnostic Relations between Pressure and Entropy Perturbations for Acoustic and Entropy Modes
by Sergey Leble and Ekaterina Smirnova
Atmosphere 2021, 12(9), 1164; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091164 - 10 Sep 2021
Viewed by 1240
Abstract
Diagnostics and decomposition of atmospheric disturbances in a planar flow are considered and applied to numerical modelling with the direct possibility to use in atmosphere monitoring especially in such strong events which follow magnetic storms and other large scale atmospheric phenomena. The study [...] Read more.
Diagnostics and decomposition of atmospheric disturbances in a planar flow are considered and applied to numerical modelling with the direct possibility to use in atmosphere monitoring especially in such strong events which follow magnetic storms and other large scale atmospheric phenomena. The study examines a situation in which the stationary equilibrium temperature of a gas may depend on a vertical coordinate, which essentially complicates the diagnostics. The relations connecting perturbations for acoustic and entropy (stationary) modes are analytically established and led to the solvable diagnostic equations. These equations specify acoustic and entropy modes in an arbitrary stratified gas under the condition of stability. The diagnostic relations are independent of time and specify the acoustic and the entropy modes. They provide the ability to decompose the total vector of perturbations into acoustic and non-acoustic (entropy) parts uniquely at any instant within the total accessible heights range. As a prospective model, we consider the diagnostics at the height interval 120–180 km, where the equilibrium temperature of a gas depends linearly on the vertical coordinate. For such a heights range it is possible to proceed with analytical expressions for pressure and entropy perturbations of gas variables. Individual profiles of acoustic and entropy parts for some data are illustrated by the plots for the pure numerical data against those obtained by the model. The total energy of a flow is determined for both approaches and its vertical profiles are compared. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Analysis of Geomagnetic Storms Impact on the Atmosphere-Magnetosphere-Ionosphere System)
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27 pages, 8660 KiB  
Article
Latitudinal Dependence of the Ionospheric Slab Thickness for Estimation of Ionospheric Response to Geomagnetic Storms
by Maria A. Sergeeva, Olga A. Maltseva, Ramon Caraballo, Juan Americo Gonzalez-Esparza and Pedro Corona-Romero
Atmosphere 2021, 12(2), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020164 - 27 Jan 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1785
Abstract
The changes in the ionosphere during geomagnetic disturbances is one of the prominent Space Weather effects on the near-Earth environment. The character of these changes can differ significantly at different regions on the Earth. We studied ionospheric response to five geomagnetic storms of [...] Read more.
The changes in the ionosphere during geomagnetic disturbances is one of the prominent Space Weather effects on the near-Earth environment. The character of these changes can differ significantly at different regions on the Earth. We studied ionospheric response to five geomagnetic storms of March 2012, using data of Total Electron Content (TEC) and F2-layer critical frequency (foF2) along the meridian of 70° W in the Northern Hemisphere. There are few ionosondes along this longitudinal sector: in Thule, Sondrestrom, Millstone Hill and Puerto Rico. The lacking foF2 values between the ionosondes were determined by using the experimental latitudinal dependences of the equivalent ionospheric slab thickness and TEC values. During geomagnetic storms, the following features were characteristic: (a) two-hours (or longer in one case) delay of the ionospheric response to disturbances, (b) the more prominent mid-latitude trough and (c) the sharper border of the EIA northern crest. During four storms of 7–17 March, the general tendency was the transition from negative disturbances at high latitudes to intense positive disturbances at low latitudes. During the fifth storm, the negative ionospheric disturbance controlled by O/N2 change was masked by the overall prolonged electron density increase during 21–31 March. The multiple correlation analysis revealed the latitudinal dependence of dominant Space Weather parameters’ impacts on foF2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Analysis of Geomagnetic Storms Impact on the Atmosphere-Magnetosphere-Ionosphere System)
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22 pages, 837 KiB  
Article
Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of High-, Mid- and Low-Latitude Responses in Regional Electron Content to Geomagnetic Storms
by Konstantin G. Ratovsky, Maxim V. Klimenko, Yury V. Yasyukevich, Vladimir V. Klimenko and Artem M. Vesnin
Atmosphere 2020, 11(12), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121308 - 02 Dec 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2497
Abstract
Geomagnetic storm is one of the most powerful factors affecting the state of the Earth’s ionosphere. Revealing the significance of formation mechanisms for ionospheric storms is still an unresolved problem. The purpose of the study is to obtain a statistical pattern of the [...] Read more.
Geomagnetic storm is one of the most powerful factors affecting the state of the Earth’s ionosphere. Revealing the significance of formation mechanisms for ionospheric storms is still an unresolved problem. The purpose of the study is to obtain a statistical pattern of the response in regional electron content to geomagnetic storms on a global scale to interpret the results using the upper atmosphere model (the Global Self-consistent Model of the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, and Protonosphere), to make the detailed comparison with the thermospheric storm concept, and to compare the obtained pattern with results from previous statistical studies. The regional electron content is calculated based on the global ionospheric maps data, which allows us to cover the midlatitude and high-latitude zones of both hemispheres, as well as the equatorial zone. Most of the obtained statistical pattern agrees with the thermospheric storm concept and with the previous statistical studies: ionospheric responses at ionospheric storm main phases including their seasonal dependences for the high- and midlatitudes and some features of ionospheric responses at recovery phases. However, some of the statistical patterns are inconsistent with the thermospheric storm concept or contradicts the previous statistical studies: negative midlatitude ionospheric responses at recovery phases in the local winter, the domination of the spring response in the equatorial zone, seasonal features of the positive after-effects, the interhemispheric asymmetry of ionospheric responses, and the prestorm enhancement. We obtained that the contribution of electric field to the interpretation of the zonal and diurnal averaged storm-time regional electron content (REC) disturbances is insignificant. The positive after-storm effects at different latitudes are caused by n(O) disturbances. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Analysis of Geomagnetic Storms Impact on the Atmosphere-Magnetosphere-Ionosphere System)
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13 pages, 6705 KiB  
Article
A Qualitative Study of the Ionospheric Weak Response to Super Geomagnetic Storms
by Haimeng Li, Zhou Chen, Lianqi Xie and Fan Li
Atmosphere 2020, 11(6), 635; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060635 - 15 Jun 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2022
Abstract
The ionospheric response to a geomagnetic storm is a geophysical process. Although strong geomagnetic storms input more energy into the Earth’s upper atmosphere, the ionospheric response often does not reflect the same level of variation as the geomagnetic storm, and the response may [...] Read more.
The ionospheric response to a geomagnetic storm is a geophysical process. Although strong geomagnetic storms input more energy into the Earth’s upper atmosphere, the ionospheric response often does not reflect the same level of variation as the geomagnetic storm, and the response may be weak during a very strong storm. However, the estimated ionospheric response to geomagnetic activity also varies with extraction method. Here, two different methods—the spectral whitening method (SWM) and the monthly median method (MMM)—are used to verify whether the apparent weak ionospheric response is an artifact of the processing method. The weak ionospheric response is found with both methods, which suggests it is a real ionospheric phenomenon. The statistical characteristics of the regional and global ionospheric weak response to a super geomagnetic storm (SGS) and to an SGS with a preceding storm event (SGS-PRE) are investigated and compared. The results show that the regional ionospheric weak response to an SGS is more prevalent at middle latitudes than those at low and high latitudes. The global ionospheric weak response occurs more frequently under high solar activity and has a strong correlation with SGS-PRE, which suggests that the effect of a storm on the ionosphere can be influenced by its preconditioning, especially when there is an earlier storm and the time interval between the two storms is short. In fact, an ionospheric long-lasting disturbance may be an important reason for the ionospheric weak response caused by the SGS-PRE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Analysis of Geomagnetic Storms Impact on the Atmosphere-Magnetosphere-Ionosphere System)
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