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Applied Sciences
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Non-destructive Testing of Materials and Structures - Volume II
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Non-destructive Testing of Materials and Structures - Volume II

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 June 2024 | Viewed by 4145

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Dwayne McDaniel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
Interests: controls; multi-tbody dynamics; robotics; sensors; non-destructive testing; composites
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Cesar Levy

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
Interests: fracture mechanics; vibration attenuation; nanosensors; fitness-for-service
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Following the success achieved with the first edition of the Special Issue “Non-destructive Testing of Materials and Structures” in 2022, we have decided to create a second one in order to continue to publish scientific research that reflects the innovations in the field of Non-Destructive Testing.

As the design and development of advanced materials and complex structures continue to progress, so does the need to understand the health, durability and aging of systems utilizing these materials and structures. Non-destructive testing (NDT) historically provides a means to assess the health of structures non-invasively, by identifying anomalies, defects or thinning that could threaten the integrity of the structures. Conventional NDT methods may be limited in their ability to characterize new advanced materials or complex structures developed via advanced manufacturing.  Significant research efforts in NDT are needed to fill the technical gaps generated by the advancement in the fields of materials and manufacturing.  

The intent of this Special Issue is to highlight advancements in NDT methods, including novel approaches and innovative applications for a broad range of industries. We invite you to submit original articles on topics that include, but are not limited to:  

  • Novel and experimental NDT methods that may impact the future of non-destructive methods;
  • Challenging applications of NDT methods on complex structures; 
  • Deployment and integration of NDT tools in constrained or hazardous environments; 
  • NDT methods for assessing advanced materials;
  • NDT-related inverse problems.

Dr. Dwayne McDaniel
Prof. Dr. Cesar Levy
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • non-destructive testing
  • complex structures
  • advanced materials
  • constrained environments

Published Papers (5 papers)

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22 pages, 8156 KiB  
Article
High-Sensitivity Detection of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Delamination Using a Novel Eddy Current Probe
by Yingni Zhou, Bo Ye, Honggui Cao, Yangkun Zou, Zhizhen Zhu and Hongbin Xing
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3765; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093765 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2024
Viewed by 89
Abstract
The demand for non-destructive testing of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) is becoming increasingly pressing to ensure its safety and reliability across different fields of use. However, the complex structural characteristics and anisotropic bulk conductivity of CFRP make achieving high sensitivity in detecting internal [...] Read more.
The demand for non-destructive testing of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) is becoming increasingly pressing to ensure its safety and reliability across different fields of use. However, the complex structural characteristics and anisotropic bulk conductivity of CFRP make achieving high sensitivity in detecting internal defects such as delamination extremely challenging. To address this issue, a novel triple rectangular coil probe with high sensitivity developed for detecting delamination in CFRP is presented in this paper. A finite element model using COMSOL Multiphysics was developed for CFRP delamination eddy current testing with the designed probe. Based on this model, the probe parameters were determined through orthogonal experiments. By analyzing the eddy current distribution in CFRP samples, the scanning mode was defined. Following this, the detection voltage was evaluated for various delamination parameters, and the sensitivity of different probes was compared. Results indicate that, under the same excitation coil parameters, for a 5 mm delamination lateral dimension change, the single pancake and single rectangular coil probes exhibit sensitivities of 88.24% and 72.55%, respectively, compared with the designed probe. For a 0.5 mm delamination thickness change, their sensitivities are 49.04% and 56.69% of those of the designed probe. The designed probe meets the demand for high-sensitivity detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-destructive Testing of Materials and Structures - Volume II)
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23 pages, 7536 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Infrared Thermography Dataset for Delamination Detection in Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks
by Eberechi Ichi and Sattar Dorafshan
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(6), 2455; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062455 - 14 Mar 2024
Viewed by 499
Abstract
Structural health monitoring and condition assessment of existing bridge decks is a growing challenge. Conventional manned inspections are costly, labor-intensive, and often risky to execute. Sub-surface delamination, a leading cause of deck replacement, can be autonomously and objectively detected using infrared thermography (IRT) [...] Read more.
Structural health monitoring and condition assessment of existing bridge decks is a growing challenge. Conventional manned inspections are costly, labor-intensive, and often risky to execute. Sub-surface delamination, a leading cause of deck replacement, can be autonomously and objectively detected using infrared thermography (IRT) data with developed deep learning AI models to address some of the limitations associated with manned inspection. As one of the most promising classifiers, deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have not been utilized to their fullest potential for delamination detection, arguably due to the scarcity of realistic ground truth datasets. In this study, a common encoder–decoder semantic segmentation-based DCNN is adapted through domain adaptation. The model was tuned and trained on a publicly available dataset to detect subsurface delamination in IRT data collected from in-service bridge decks. The authors investigated the effect of dataset augmentation, class imbalance, the number of classes, and the effect of background removal in the training dataset, resulting in an overall number of seventy-five UNET models. Four out of five bridges were adopted for training and validation, and the fifth bridge was for testing. Most models averaged 80 iterations, and the training progress finally reached a training accuracy of 75% with a loss of about 0.6 without any overfitting. The result showed a substantial difference in the minimum and maximum values for the evaluated performance metrics (0.447 and 0.773 for global accuracy, 0.494 and 0.657 for mean accuracy, 0.239 and 0.716 for precision, 0.243 and 0.558 for true positive rate (TPR), 0.529 and 0.899 for true negative rate (TNR), 0.282 and 0.550 for F1-score. The results also indicated that the models trained on the raw annotated balanced dataset performed best for half of the metrics. In contrast, the models trained on raw data (with no dataset enhancement) performed better when only global accuracy was considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-destructive Testing of Materials and Structures - Volume II)
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15 pages, 3977 KiB  
Article
Vibration Signal Diagnostic Information of Reinforced Masonry Elements Destruction
by Mariusz Żółtowski, Bogdan Żółtowski, Paweł Ogrodnik, Gabriela Rutkowska and Tomasz Wierzbicki
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 4913; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13084913 - 13 Apr 2023
Viewed by 948
Abstract
Reinforced masonry constructions and their elements must meet strength and stability requirements. These conditions determine wall structure safety during construction and operation. Safety depends on diagnostically aimed tests that check the objects’ quality or locate damages to structural elements that arise during operation. [...] Read more.
Reinforced masonry constructions and their elements must meet strength and stability requirements. These conditions determine wall structure safety during construction and operation. Safety depends on diagnostically aimed tests that check the objects’ quality or locate damages to structural elements that arise during operation. This article is focused on the experimental modal analysis research of reinforcement ceramic masonry elements. The aim of the research was to check whether it is possible to observe the damage in reinforced masonry structures and the accompanying vibration of signal transition functions by conducting pilot studies and using different types of reinforcements. The experiment was conducted on three samples of various types of reinforced brick walls. During the vibration tests, the segments were subjected to various loads, and it was observed how the increasing cracks and damage changed the courses of the measured functions of the vibration process, reflecting the damage to the segments. This made it possible to assess the variability of the vibration characteristics of the tested reinforced wall elements and the usefulness of the applied test method. The aim of the study was to check the assessed effectiveness by testing the degradation of the reinforced wall elements. The research confirmed the usefulness of the SISO methodology in identifying damages, which has been implemented in selected precast factories in Poland. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-destructive Testing of Materials and Structures - Volume II)
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14 pages, 1860 KiB  
Article
Assessment and Non-Destructive Evaluation of the Influence of Residual Solvent on a Two-Part Epoxy-Based Adhesive Using Ultrasonics
by Gonzalo Seisdedos, Edgar Viamontes, Eduardo Salazar, Mariana Ontiveros, Cristian Pantea, Eric S. Davis, Tommy Rockward, Dwayne McDaniel and Benjamin Boesl
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3883; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063883 - 18 Mar 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1343
Abstract
Polymers are increasingly being used in higher demanding applications due to their ability to tailor the properties of structures while allowing for a weight and cost reduction. Solvents play an important role in the manufacture of polymeric structures since they allow for a [...] Read more.
Polymers are increasingly being used in higher demanding applications due to their ability to tailor the properties of structures while allowing for a weight and cost reduction. Solvents play an important role in the manufacture of polymeric structures since they allow for a reduction in the polymer’s viscosity or assist with the dispersion of fillers into the polymer matrix. However, the incorrect removal of the solvent affects both the physical and chemical properties of polymeric materials. The presence of residual solvent can also negatively affect the curing kinetics and the final quality of polymers. Destructive testing is mainly performed to characterize the properties of these materials. However, this type of testing involves using lab-type equipment that cannot be taken in-field to perform in situ testing and requires a specific sample preparation. Here, a method is presented to non-destructively evaluate the curing process and final viscoelastic properties of polymeric materials using ultrasonics. In this study, changes in longitudinal sound speed were detected during the curing of an aerospace epoxy adhesive as a result of variations in polymer chemistry. To simulate the presence of residual solvent, samples containing different weight percentages of isopropyl alcohol were manufactured and tested using ultrasonics. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to show changes in the decomposition of the adhesive due to the presence of IPA within the polymer structure. Adding 2, 4, and 6 wt.% of IPA decreased the adhesive’s lap shear strength by 40, 58, and 71%, respectively. Ultrasonics were used to show how the solvent influenced the curing process and the final sound speed of the adhesive. Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio were determined using both the longitudinal and shear sound speeds of the adhesive. Using ultrasonics has the potential to non-invasively characterize the quality of polymers in both an in-field and manufacturing settings, ensuring their reliability during use in demanding applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-destructive Testing of Materials and Structures - Volume II)
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23 pages, 779 KiB  
Systematic Review
Dentin Bond Strength of Calcium Silicate-Based Materials: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies
by Natalia Radulica, José Luis Sanz and Adrián Lozano
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010104 - 21 Dec 2023
Viewed by 721
Abstract
Background: Dentin adhesion is a basic aspect to consider in a root canal sealer. Calcium silicate-based cements are materials that have excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity. Bioactivity is closely related to dentin bond strength. One of the tests that is most used to evaluate [...] Read more.
Background: Dentin adhesion is a basic aspect to consider in a root canal sealer. Calcium silicate-based cements are materials that have excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity. Bioactivity is closely related to dentin bond strength. One of the tests that is most used to evaluate the adhesive property of a sealing cement is the “push-out bond strength” test, which consists of applying tensile forces to the root to measure the resistance of the bonding of a material to root dentin. Aim: The aim of this systematic review is to perform a qualitative synthesis of available evidence on the adhesion of calcium silicate-based sealers to dentin. Methods: An advanced search of the literature was performed in five databases, limited to in vitro studies on human teeth published in the last 5 years. Results: 42 studies were eligible for the review, and data were collected according to the number of teeth studied, the canal preparation, the irrigant used, the mechanical test used, the root thirds and the type of sealer studied. A qualitative synthesis of the evidence is presented. Conclusions: TotalFill BC sealer and EndoSequence Root Repair Material appear as the calcium silicate-based materials with the highest bond strength to dentin. In addition, using 17% EDTA as a final irrigant increases the bond strength of calcium silicate-based sealers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-destructive Testing of Materials and Structures - Volume II)
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