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Applied Sciences
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Implementation of Vehicular Cloud Networks Using Wireless Sensor
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Implementation of Vehicular Cloud Networks Using Wireless Sensor

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Physics General".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2020) | Viewed by 14490

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Danilo Amendola

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Sapienza University of Rome
Interests: vehicular networks; wireless sensors; distributed systems; medium access controls; collaborative-ITS; cloud computing architectures; mobile edge computing; optimization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wireless communication, wireless sensor networks and ad-hoc networks for intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are promising technologies to improve safety and security and therefore reduce fatalities and serious injuries. Cooperative intelligent transportation systems (C-ITS) use technologies that allow road vehicles to communicate with other vehicles, with traffic signals and roadside infrastructures, as well as with other road users. Wireless sensor networks could be used to gather helpful data for road users. C-ITS could be promising to obtain significant improvements in safety and to reduce traffic congestion, to optimize the use of existing infrastructures and support information services in vehicles with the general purpose of reducing the impact of transport on the environment.

Nowadays there are two main technologies that should be available in the future to develop real vehicle-to-everything networking, namely ETSI ITS G5 and C-V2X technology, which is still evolving with the 5th generation cellular network. In the future, a possible scenario is heterogeneous deployment with vehicles equipped with both or different V2X technologies, and therefore a key point will be the interoperability between different technologies.

Key players in the industry, such as automotive companies, public transport operators and government agencies, are investing heavily in the advanced research and development of many ITS technologies and applications. This research effort primarily focuses on the system development and standardization of telematics. During recent C-ITS developments, transportation telematics techniques have exhibited much progress, e.g., interaction between vehicles and the infrastructure for delivering services such as roadside assistance, automatic crash notification, cooperative maneuver, vehicle condition reports, etc. This progress is also very important in the public transport domain (buses, metro, trains, tramways) in which V2X communications for safety and non-safety applications are a key component of the exploitation of new technologies, but also of reducing energy consumption.

Many prototypes equipped with IEEE 802.11p-like architectures have been built and tested, some vendors have declared that they are ready to equip vehicles with C-ITS technologies, and several technical reports based on field trials have demonstrated the lack of cutting-edge techniques to improve system performance. Furthermore, all these applications require accurate and reliable positioning using GNSS solutions alone or enhanced with high density local maps, map-matching and sensor fusion. Technology and applications for C-ITS and telematics design are rapidly emerging, and there is a critical need to bring together professional researchers, intelligent engineers, academia, industry, and standards committees. This Special Issue aims to stimulate research progress, share experiences, and report original work regarding all aspects of vehicular communication and wireless sensor networks to assist road users, e.g., cooperative-ITS (C-ITS), vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), cooperative systems, information dissemination, road and rail safety, information and emergency services, ultra-low latency information dissemination architecture for ITS (e.g. multi-access edge computing), etc. Our primary goal is to promote meaningful research in the “Implementation of Vehicular Cloud Networks Using Wireless Sensors”, using the cross-layered design of architectures, algorithms and applications for vehicular communication environments.

Dr. Danilo Amendola
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • C-ITS
  • Wireless Sensors
  • Distributed Networks
  • Vehicular Networks

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 4414 KiB  
Article
VaNetChain: A Framework for Trustworthy Exchanges of Information in VANETs Based on Blockchain and a Virtualization Layer
by Paúl Vintimilla-Tapia, Jack Bravo-Torres, Martín López-Nores, Pablo Gallegos-Segovia, Esteban Ordóñez-Morales and Manuel Ramos-Cabrer
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7930; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217930 - 9 Nov 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2063
Abstract
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) face challenges related to the reliability of the data exchanged and the unstability of the communication links. These shortcomings have hampered the development of the long-awaited applications that would turn roads into a smart environment. We present a [...] Read more.
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) face challenges related to the reliability of the data exchanged and the unstability of the communication links. These shortcomings have hampered the development of the long-awaited applications that would turn roads into a smart environment. We present a framework to deploy such services, in which a virtualization layer ensures means to efficiently deliver messages between vehicles and roadside units (RSUs) and, on top of that, blockchain technology is used to enable features of data integrity, traceability, and reliability that cannot be furnished by existing consensus and reputation mechanisms. A simulation experiment is included to determine the optimal number of RSUs to be installed as supporting infrastructure in a city. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implementation of Vehicular Cloud Networks Using Wireless Sensor)
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22 pages, 6063 KiB  
Article
Design and Implementation of a System-on-Chip for Self-Calibration of an Angular Position Sensor
by Zhenyi Gao, Bin Zhou, Chao Li, Bo Hou, Haobo Sun, Qi Wei and Rong Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(22), 4772; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9224772 - 8 Nov 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1995
Abstract
In this study, a novel signal processing algorithm and hardware processing circuit for the self-calibration of angular position sensors is proposed. To calibrate error components commonly found in angular position sensors, a parameter identification algorithm based on the least mean square error demodulation [...] Read more.
In this study, a novel signal processing algorithm and hardware processing circuit for the self-calibration of angular position sensors is proposed. To calibrate error components commonly found in angular position sensors, a parameter identification algorithm based on the least mean square error demodulation is developed. A processor to run programs and a coprocessor based on the above algorithm are used and designed to form a System-on-Chip, which can calibrate signals as well as implement parameter configuration and control algorithm applications. In order to verify the theoretical validity of the design, analysis and simulation verification of the scheme are carried out, and the maximum absolute error value in the algorithm simulation is reduced to 0.003 %. The circuit’s Register-Transfer Level simulation shows that the maximum absolute value of the angular error is reduced to 0.03%. Simulation results verify the calibration performance with and without quantization and rounding error, respectively. The entire system is prototyped on a Field Programmable Gate Array and tested on a Capacitive Angular Position Sensor. The proposed scheme can reduce the absolute value of angular error to 4.36%, compared to 7.68% from the experimental results of a different calibration scheme. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implementation of Vehicular Cloud Networks Using Wireless Sensor)
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15 pages, 4943 KiB  
Article
Cross-Layer and SDN Based Routing Scheme for P2P Communication in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks
by Ziyi You, Guixian Cheng, Yi Wang, Pu Chen and Shiguo Chen
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(22), 4734; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9224734 - 7 Nov 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2757
Abstract
Conventional routing protocols proposed for Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) are usually inefficient and vulnerable for multi-hop data forwarding due to the unavailability of global information and inefficiencies in their route discovering schemes. However, with the recently emerged software defined vehicular network (SDVN) technologies, [...] Read more.
Conventional routing protocols proposed for Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) are usually inefficient and vulnerable for multi-hop data forwarding due to the unavailability of global information and inefficiencies in their route discovering schemes. However, with the recently emerged software defined vehicular network (SDVN) technologies, link stability can be better improved through the availability of global network information. Thus, in this paper, we present a novel software-defined network (SDN) based routing scheme for P2P connection under urban inter-vehicle networks that can find a global optimal route between source and destination. This is a cross-layer routing protocol in VANETs, which utilizes metrics not only considering the position and velocity of vehicles, but also channel allocation and link duration when selecting the relay vehicles. Consequently, it starts a route discovery process which can improve the network performance in terms of end-to-end delay and low overhead. Furthermore, packet loss is largely minimized by the relatively stable paths. With the help of realistic simulation, we show that the proposed routing framework performs better than other three latest SDVN and conventional VANET protocols in routing overhead, average end-to-end delay, packet drop ratio, and average throughput. Therefore, our routing scheme is more suitable for 5G-enabled vehicular ad-hoc networks in future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implementation of Vehicular Cloud Networks Using Wireless Sensor)
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14 pages, 2184 KiB  
Article
Locating Multiple Sources of Contagion in Complex Networks under the SIR Model
by Xiang Li, Yangyang Liu, Chengli Zhao, Xue Zhang and Dongyun Yi
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(20), 4472; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9204472 - 22 Oct 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2619
Abstract
Simultaneous outbreaks of contagion are a great threat against human life, resulting in great panic in society. It is urgent for us to find an efficient multiple sources localization method with the aim of studying its pathogenic mechanism and minimizing its harm. However, [...] Read more.
Simultaneous outbreaks of contagion are a great threat against human life, resulting in great panic in society. It is urgent for us to find an efficient multiple sources localization method with the aim of studying its pathogenic mechanism and minimizing its harm. However, our ability to locate multiple sources is strictly limited by incomplete information about nodes and the inescapable randomness of the propagation process. In this paper, we present a valid approach, namely the Potential Concentration Label method, which helps locate multiple sources of contagion faster and more accurately in complex networks under the SIR(Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) model. Through label assignment in each node, our aim is to find the nodes with maximal value after several iterations. The experiments demonstrate that the accuracy of our multiple sources localization method is high enough. With the number of sources increasing, the accuracy of our method declines gradually. However, the accuracy remains at a slight fluctuation when average degree and network scale make a change. Moreover, our method still keeps a high multiple sources localization accuracy with noise of various intensities, which shows its strong anti-noise ability. I believe that our method provides a new perspective for accurate and fast multi-sources localization in complex networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implementation of Vehicular Cloud Networks Using Wireless Sensor)
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15 pages, 1299 KiB  
Article
On the Determination of Meshed Distribution Networks Operational Points after Reinforcement
by Vasiliki Vita, Stavros Lazarou, Christos A. Christodoulou and George Seritan
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(17), 3501; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9173501 - 25 Aug 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2142
Abstract
This paper proposes a calculation algorithm that creates operational points and evaluates the performance of distribution lines after reinforcement. The operational points of the line are probabilistically determined using Monte Carlo simulation for several objective functions for a given line. It is assumed [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a calculation algorithm that creates operational points and evaluates the performance of distribution lines after reinforcement. The operational points of the line are probabilistically determined using Monte Carlo simulation for several objective functions for a given line. It is assumed that minimum voltage at all nodes has to be balanced to the maximum load served under variable distributed generation production, and to the energy produced from the intermittent renewables. The calculated maximum load, which is higher than the current load, is expected to cover the expected needs for electric vehicles charging. Following the proposed operational patterns, it is possible to have always maximum line capacity. This method is able to offer several benefits. It facilitates of network planning and the estimation of network robustness. It can be used as a tool for network planners, operators and large users. It applies to any type of network including radial and meshed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implementation of Vehicular Cloud Networks Using Wireless Sensor)
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15 pages, 2236 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Energy Balanced Routing Strategy for Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks
by Liangrui Tang, Zhiyi Chen, Jinqi Cai, Haobo Guo, Runze Wu and Jinghong Guo
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(10), 2133; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9102133 - 24 May 2019
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2510
Abstract
The network lifetime of wireless rechargeable sensor network (WRSN) is commonly extended through routing strategy or wireless charging technology. In this paper, we propose an optimization algorithm from the aspects of both charging and routing process. To balance the network energy in charging [...] Read more.
The network lifetime of wireless rechargeable sensor network (WRSN) is commonly extended through routing strategy or wireless charging technology. In this paper, we propose an optimization algorithm from the aspects of both charging and routing process. To balance the network energy in charging part, node’s charging efficiency is balanced by dynamically planning charging point positions and the charging time is allocated according to the energy consumption rate of nodes. Moreover, the routing method is adapted to the node’s charging efficiency. The adaptive routing strategy assigns more forwarding tasks to nodes that can get more energy during the charging phase, and makes the data packets transmit farther away, thus reducing the average hops and energy consumption of the network. Finally, the simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm has certain advantages in prolonging the network lifetime, reducing the average hop counts and balancing the energy of each node. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implementation of Vehicular Cloud Networks Using Wireless Sensor)
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